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Presentation transcript:

Learning

Topics in this Unit Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learning by Observation Important Psychologists Behaviorism

Classical Conditioning Type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson Tutorial

Classical Conditioning Start with something that happens NATURALLY UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS UNCONDITIONED Response When I exercise, I get sweaty.

Classical Conditioning Now, let’s try to train myself to sweat when see ice cream. Do this several times Neutral stimulus=has no effect on me sweating at first

Classical Conditioning Now, when I see ice cream, I sweat. CONDITIONED STIMULUS CONDITIONED Response

Classical Conditioning Terms Acquisition-stage of initial learning Higher ordering conditioning-adding a second (usually weaker) conditioned stimulus (light, tone, bell) Extinction-diminishing response when CS no longer signals response Spontaneous recovery-reappearance of CR after a pause Generalization-tendency to respond to similar stimuli Discrimination-learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli Learned helplessness-hopelessness and passive resignation one learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Classical Conditioning Applications John B. Watson-Little Albert experiment Ivan Pavlov-Dogs salivating John Garcia-taste aversions Learning enables animals to adapt to their environments

Operant Conditioning Type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened with reinforcement or diminished with punishment Thorndike’s law of effect-behaviors followed by favorable consequence will be more likely to occur and by unfavorable consequence will be less likely to occur

Reinforcement Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Schedules of Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement Practice Giving food to a rat when it presses a bar five times Fixed-ratio Giving food to a rat when it presses a bar one time, then five times, then three times, etc. Variable-ratio Giving food to a rat when it presses a bar every 30 seconds Fixed-interval Giving food to a rat when it presses a bar after five minutes, then three minutes, then one minute, etc. Variable-interval

Punishment Positive punishment NEGATIVE punishment

Operant Conditioning Application B.F. Skinner-pigeons in a box Shaping

Comparing Classical and Operant

Learning by Observation Modeling-”monkey see, monkey do” Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment

Resources http://quizlet.com/16622322/mr-meyers-ap-psych-unit-6-learning-vocab-flash-cards/ https://www.learnerator.com/ap-psychology http://www.apstudynotes.org/psychology/outlines/chapter-6-learning/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMGRck-fVJ0