Chapter 24.1

Essential Question 1: Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness.

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. I. Physics Scientific thought throughout the 19th century suggested the world was rational and orderly (“Enlightenment philosophy”) New discoveries at the end of the century shook the foundations of science Things weren’t what they seemed!

Marie Curie (1867-1934) – radiation coming from within atom Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. Marie Curie (1867-1934) – radiation coming from within atom Atom is NOT solid Max Planck (1858-1947) – radiation comes in irregular patterns called “quanta” Natural world is not constant like a machine Albert Einstein (1879-1955) – theory of relativity Even time/space are variable

Rationalism gave way to the IRRATIONAL Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. SO WHY IS THAT SO IMPORTANT TO HISTORY EVEN IF YOU CAN’T WRAP YOUR BRAIN AROUND THE SCIENCE ASPECT OF IT? It challenged Isaac Newton’s longstanding theory that all problems could be solved through scientific research. It recreated a new era of scientific discovery, but this one created more complex questions around the notion that things aren’t what they seemed. (Anxiety) Rationalism gave way to the IRRATIONAL

II. Philosophy/Sociology Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. II. Philosophy/Sociology The usefulness and even the possibility of rational thought was questioned. Deep questions and theories emerged

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. Friedrich Nietzsche (Nee-cha) (German 1844-1900) “The Will to Power” Western bourgeois society was incapable of creativity Society’s embrace of the rational had stunted human potential He blamed Christianity – leads to intellectual slavery By abandoning Christianity and giving free rein to emotion and instinct, one could be a super human. “Ubermensch” The “Ubermensch” or Superman Theory Superman is a man who lives by his own rules and therefore does not follow the crowd or norms of society (This does not mean that the superman does whatever he wants but someone who takes responsibility for their actions completely; it means he does not blame mistakes on God or others).  Realize that God is dead (killed by Europeans; no longer possible to believe in cosmic order) Man is something to be surpassed “Beyond” good vs. evil He believed this would end equality, democratic gov’t, militarism Called “Will to Power” – the strongest is the one who overcomes the rules of society, realizing that truth and morality do not exist

Georges Sorel (French 1849-1922) Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. Georges Sorel (French 1849-1922) Reflections on Violence Syndicalism Advocated violent action as the only way to achieve socialism Advocated a “general strike” Socialism would come as a result of a great violent strike of all working people Afterwards, thought workers should be ruled by small group of elites (incapable of ruling themselves – too stupid) Modern Communist theory/ Forshadowed Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin)

Arguably the most significant social theorist of the 20th century Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. Max Weber (Ve- Ber) 1864-1920 Arguably the most significant social theorist of the 20th century Theories led to the birth of new academic disciplines such as sociology and public administration as well as to the significant reorientation in law, economics, political science, and religious studies.

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. Max Weber (Ve- Ber) 1864-1920 Dismissed Islam as a religion and culture incapable of developing science and closed to new ideas Regarded the emergence of rationalism throughout society as the major development of human history, bureaucratization, contended (in contrast to Marx) that non-economic factors might account for major developments in human history Weber traced much of the rational character of capitalist enterprise to the ascetic religious doctrines of Puritanism (Puritan work ethic!)

III. Invention of Psychology Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. III. Invention of Psychology Sigmund Freud (Austrian 1856-1939) Developed his ideas on the human mind into a type of research called psychoanalysis His ideas reflected a 20th century emphasis on humans as greedy irrational creatures The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Human behavior is determined by what goes on in the unconscious We keep unfortunate and bad past events repressed in the unconscious These “repressed memories” affect our current behavior The repressed memories surface during dream interpretation and hypnosis Humans struggle with aspects of their minds in the: Id – desire for pleasure & avoid pain (“pleasure principle”) Ego – the seat of reason, realizes people must use self-control to live in a society (“reality principle”) Superego – represents the moral values of society. Imposed by society in general and parents in particular Fact: Freud usually named psychological conditions after ancient myths

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century shaped modern that consciousness. Social Darwinism Darwin’s ideas of organic evolution applied to society / “survival of the fittest” invented by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) When the weak die off, society gets stronger Why is this important? What did it impact? Justified the following shady agendas Economics – the more ruthless, the more fit they are He also attacked welfare measures by government; similar to Malthus and Ricardo Nationalism – war separates the weak from the strong Imperialism: colonizers were inherently better and had the right to exploit others. Friedrich von Bernhardi – History is struggle for survival – via war Elitism: some Social Darwinists saw superior people in all races & nationalities and urged the to band together so as to prevent their being submerged by the ignorant and inferior masses. Racism (Germany is a great example) Believed that Aryan (European) race created Western culture Must fight to save it from lesser races (Jews, Negroes, Orientals) The lighter your skin, the better your race/nation Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1899 Volk – Aryan=creators of west. Society Eugenics: (selective breeding of humans) Gender – men better than women (stronger) Criminology – potential crooks identifiable from appearance

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. V. Literature These new ideas found their way into the literature of the day. Many novelists incorporated Darwinian theory and the uncertainty principles into their own works Emile Zola-(1840 – 1902) Leader of “Naturalism” movement Portrayed characters caught up in social forces beyond their control Optimisms of realism and romanticism was gone

V. Literature Continued Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. V. Literature Continued Fyodor Dostoevsky (Do.Stoy.yev.ski) (1821 – 1881) Crime and Punishment  Novel about an impoverished ex-student in St. Petersburg who formulates and executes a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her cash. The student internally argues that with the money he can perform good deeds to counterbalance the crime, while ridding the world of a worthless vermin. He also commits this murder to test his own hypothesis that some people are naturally capable of such things, and even have the right to do them. Several times throughout the novel, the student justifies his actions by connecting himself mentally with Napoleon Bonaparte, believing that murder is permissible in pursuit of a higher purpose. (Enlightened Despotism!) Why such a big deal? It explores the new irrational thoughts and themes of the day including: Alienation from society, the psychology of crime and punishment, religious redemption, the importance of family, nihilism-life is meaningless and moral values are abstract and not real, the “superman”

V. Literature Continued Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. V. Literature Continued Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. “Historical Fiction” Why is it important? Tolstoy emphasizes the irrational motives for human behavior in both peace and war. Wisdom is linked not to reason but to an acceptance of how mysterious our actions can be, even to ourselves.  Reflection of the new thinking of the age It ponders Irrationality of human behaviors Limits of leadership What is the meaning of life? Impact of financial loss Inexplicable love Symbolism death

V. Literature Continued Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. V. Literature Continued Naturalist Zola, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky- like realists with extra pessimism mixed in Symbolists – reacted against realism Known for poetry Objective knowledge of world was impossible Objective knowledge of the world was impossible Art should function for its own sake EX) W.B. Yeats

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. VI. Art - Transformation of art had also begun by the 1870s Impressionist movement Originated in France Rejected the goal, set during the Renaissance of rendering reality They embraced nature and worked to capture the appearance of changing light and fleeting movements Claude Monet, best known. Spent a lifetime painting the same haystacks and seacoast and water lilies in a different light. Claude Monet: Impression, Sunrise

Discuss the “intellectual ferment” and cultural developments of the late nineteenth century that shaped modern consciousness. VI. Art - 1880’s French artists formed a new movement Post-Impressionism Used coler and line to express inner feelings and portray subjective reality. Birth of Modern Art Paul Cezanne Cezanne, Compotier, Pitcher, and Fruit (1892-94) Van Gogh, The Starry Night

Cubism – Picasso At the turn of the century, art broke with realism that had been pushed by the popularity of photography. The new philosophical and psychological theories encouraged experimentation Picasso created a new form of art known as Cubism, in which reality is viewed from various vantage points rendered in geometric design forms Soon, with the advent of abstract art, reality was abandoned altogether and gave way to pure shapes and colors. (ie. Kandinsky)

Kandisnsky – Composition VIII

CH 24.1 EVALUATION

Question 1 The above painting reflects which style of art? Impressionism Abstract Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism

Question 2 The goal of psychoanalysis is to Determine a patient’s pleasure principle Undermine a patient’s Oedipus complex Resolve a patient’s psychic complex Enhance a patient’s reality principle Develop a patient’s superego

Question 3 All of the following were associated with the emergence of a new physics in the late 19th century and early 20th century EXCEPT Quantum theory Radium Relativity theory Space-time continuum materialism

Question 4 Friedrich Nietzsche believed that Western bourgeois society was incapable of cultural creativity because Excessive emphasis was placed on the rational faculty at the expense of emotions Middle-class Europeans lacked spirituality Popular culture influenced a growing number of Europeans Universities across Europe emphasized vocational education over the humanities Revolutionary socialism failed to advance one’s emotional well being

Question 5 Herbert Spencer believed all of the following EXCEPT Societies are organisms that evolve over time In society, the strong advance while the weak decline It is vital for the state to take part in social reform Death of the weak and feeble is a natural process that makes society stronger The state should not intercede on behalf of the lame

Question 6 Frederich Nietzshce advanced his philosophy in which works? Thus Spake Zarathustra and The Will to Power The Golden Bough and The Wild Duck The Return of the Native and Jude Obscure Civilization and Its Discontents and The Riddle of the Universe The Descent of Man and The Weavers

Question 7 Syndicalism was a manifestation of anarchism which was founded by Kropotkin Sorel Bakunin Sidney Webb Mazzini

Question 8 The “Weber Thesis” attempted to explain the connections between the rise of Calvinism and the rise of Absolute monarchies Capitalism The nation-state Anglicanism Lutheranism

Question 9 “Anxiety, or the idea of anxiety, permeates modern thought in all of its aspects. You find it almost everywhere you look: in Freudian psychology, in the philosophy of existentialism, in poetry and the novel, in the language of religion… an… of course, in contemporary political movements.” This passage is an example of writing in Intellectual history Social history Economic history Diplomatic history Political history

Question 10 The founder of psychoanalysis, Freud, often named psychological conditions after This passage is an example of writing in Famous scientists Friends Mathematical terms Ancient myths Members of his family