Background on Greek Drama and Oedipus Rex , and Antigone by Sophocles

Essential Questions: How are the challenges students face similar to and different from Antigone? How are laws and morality constituted across different times and locations? How does the concept of tragedy apply in a current setting? How has the definition shifted? What is the higher law – personal ethics, religious traditions, or the rules of the land?

Essential Questions (cont.): When is it acceptable, if ever, to break the law? What does it mean to be a good family member? Does meaning shift depending on if you are a mother, father, sister, brother, or uncle? How does a good leader interact with laws? Where does authority come from? How does the source of authority determine punishment and praise?

Review: Sophocles and Greek Drama How was Greek drama born? It developed from ancient rituals honoring Dionysus. The celebrations became a yearly occurrence held in Athens. Difference between tragedies and satyr plays? Tragedies are serious plays about religious or mythic questions. Satyr plays are humorous plays about religious or mythic questions.

Greek Drama Comedy Tragedy This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Sophocles and Greek Drama Describe the theater of Dionysus. Semicircle Seats carved out of stone on a hillside Performance area in two parts: orchestra and skene

Theater at Epidaurus

Modern Greek-Style Theatre

Theater of Dionysus

Theater of Dionysus Greek plays were performed during religious ceremonies held in honor of Dionysus (Dionysia), the Greek god of wine and revelry (altars generally on stage) Banks would shut down for days, people would travel from all around to see the drama competitions—even prisoners were temporarily released to see the plays Tragedy means “goat song” (relates to Dionysian rituals)

Masks The masks were worn for many reason including: 1. Visibility 2. Acoustic Assistance 3. Few Actors, Many Roles 4. Characterization

General Categories of Masks 1. OLD MEN Smooth-Faced, White, Grizzled, Black-Haired, Flaxen 2. YOUNG MEN Common, Curled, More Curled, Graceful, Horrid, Pale 3. SLAVES Leathern, Peaked-Beard, Flat Nose 4. WOMEN Freed Old Woman; Old Domestic; Middle-Aged; Leathern; Pale, Disheveled; Pale, Middle-Aged; Young Girl 5. SPECIALIST MASKS Some made for specific characters, others for: Mourning, Blindness, Deceit, Drunkenness...etc. (The comic masks, those especially of old comedy, were as like as possible to true persons they represented, or made to appear more ridiculous)

Sophocles and Greek Drama Sophocles surprised Athenians by: Winning first prize for tragedy at the festival of Dionysus, beating Aeschylus. Who was Aeschylus? The leading playwright of the time (think Steven Spielberg) How many tragedies did Sophocles write? He wrote more than 120 tragedies… only seven still survive today.

Sophocles and Greek Drama What was Sophocles concerned about? He was concerned with the individual’s need to find his/her place in the world within the existing moral/cosmic order. Moral lessons against too much pride and religious indifference. What did Sophocles add to Greek drama? A third actor (originally two- used masks) Painted sets Larger chorus (from 12 to 15 members)

Greek Dramatic Structure THE PROLOGUE (PROLOGOS): THE OPENING PORTION OF THE PLAY, WHICH SETS THE SCENE AND CONTAINS THE EXPOSITION OR BASIC SITUATION. THE PARADOS: THE ENTRANCE SONG OF THE CHORUS. THE PARADOS IS NAMED AFTER THE BROAD AISLE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE THEATER, WHERE THE CHORUS ENTERED OR EXITED.

Greek Dramatic Structure THE EPISODES (SCENES): SCENE IN THE ACTION OF THE DRAMA... THE EPISODES ALTERNATE WITH THE STASIMONS (ODES). THE STASIMONS (ODES): A CHORAL PASSAGE, ALTERNATING WITH THE EPISODES OF THE PLOT OF THE DRAMA. AN ODE IS A TYPE OF LYRIC POEM. THE TRAGIC ODE CONSISTS OF STROPHES (CHANTS) AND ANTISTROPHES (RESPONSES) IN STANZAS OF THE POEMS. THIRD PART OF THE ODE IS THE EPODE.

Greek Dramatic Structure EXODUS: THE CONCLUDING SECTION OF THE TRAGEDY. THE EXODUS ENDS WITH THE CHORUS SINGING THEIR FINAL LINES AS THEY EXIT.

Greek Dramatic Structure A CLASSIC GREEK TRAGEDY CONSISTS OF: PROLOGUE PARADOS SCENE 1 (EPISODE 1)- action ODE 1 (STASIMON 1)- chorus SCENE 2 (EPISODE 2) - action ODE 2 (STASIMON 2) - chorus SCENE 3 (EPISODE 3) - action ODE 3 (STASIMON 3) - chorus SCENE 4 (EPISODE 4) - action ODE 4 (STASIMON 4) - chorus EXODUS

Common in Greek Tragedy: Dramatic irony: When the audience knows something that the characters don’t know Fall of Hubris: Hubris is excessive pride. Many tragedies deal with human pride leading to arrogant behaviors that anger the gods. Thus, man must be punished. Fate vs. Destiny: Many tragedies feature characters who try to escape unfavorable prophecies. This is futile, however, as man does not often have the power or luck to change his/her fate as determined by cosmic forces or gods/goddesses.

Greek Tragedy Terms: Hamartia: A personal error in a protagonist's personality that brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy. Anagnorisis:  A moment in a plot where the main character recognizes his/her true nature. Catharsis: The experience a person can have of releasing emotional tension and feeling refreshed afterwards. Conceived by Aristotle as the cleansing effect of emotional release that tragic drama has on its audience.

Greek Tragedy Terms (cont.): Peripeteia: The shift of the tragic protagonist's fortune from good to essential to the plot of a tragedy Deus ex Machina: An unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel Stichomythia: Dialogue in which two characters speak alternate lines of verse, a stylistic device in ancient Greek drama

Characteristics of a Tragic Hero Must have a fall from greatness (either power, wealth, or social standing) Must be an extraordinary person, yet have a tragic flaw (Hamartia) Tragic flaw: often a positive character trait that, when taken to the extreme, causes tragedy Must experience a moment of realization (Anagnorisis) that he/she has erred Must suffer greatly due to his/her actions or flaw (often, but not always, this means death)

The House of Cadmus Zeus lusts after Europa, but didn’t want to seduce her for fear of angering Hera He changes himself into a white bull so Hera won’t suspect him Europa thinks the bull is beautiful and climbs onto his back Zeus (bull) leaps up into the sky with her He takes her to the island of Crete

House of Cadmus (cont.) Europa’s father, King of Sidon, sends her brothers to look for her One son, Cadmus, goes to the Oracle at Delphi to ask Apollo where she is Apollo tells Cadmus to stop searching and to build his own city Apollo tells him to follow a cow and to build where the cow lays down to rest…

House of Cadmus (cont.) The cow lays down, but first Cadmus has to slay a dragon (sacred to Ares) guarding a nearby spring (Dirce) Athena appears to Cadmus and tells him to plant the dragon’s teeth in the soil to start his city Warriors pop out of the soil and begin killing each other All but 5 die and the survivors help Cadmus create Thebes

House of Cadmus (cont.) After serving Ares for 8 years as punishment for slaying the dragon, Cadmus marries Harmonia, one of Ares and Aphrodite’s daughters Harmonia is given a necklace as a wedding gift. It is cursed by Hephaestus as revenge for Aphrodite’s infidelity They have four daughters and one son: Agave, Autonoe, Semele, Ino, and Polydorus

House of Cadmus (cont.)

Oedipus: King of Thebes Oedipus (Swollen foot) leaves his home city of Corinth because of a prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother (King and Queen of Corinth). During his travels, he comes upon Thebes, which is being terrorized by the Sphinx The Sphinx will leave the city if someone can solve a riddle: What walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening?” Oedipus answers, “Man.” The sphinx drowns herself in defeat. Thebes is saved!

Oedipus: King of Thebes Oedipus becomes the king and marries Jocasta, the queen The former Theban king, Laius, was previously murdered As the play opens, Thebes is suffering a terrible plague because Laius’ death has not been avenged

Oedipus Rex: Characters Oedipus- King of Thebes Jocasta- Queen of Thebes Creon- Jocasta’s brother; acted as king when Laius was murdered Antigone and Ismene- Oedipus and Jocasta’s daughters Haemon – Jocasta and Creon’s son and Antigone’s fiancé Tiresias- blind prophet Messenger from Corinth (city where Oedipus is originally from) Shepherd Chorus and Chorus leader (Choragus) - act as the “voices of society”