EARLY PRESIDENTS

Review What is the job of the president’s cabinet? What was the purpose of Hamilton’s economic plan? What were the 4 steps? What did Federalists believe? What did the Democratic Republicans believe? What is a tariff? How did Washington’s handling of the Whiskey Rebellion prove the national gov’ts power?

Review What is the job of the president’s cabinet? To advise the president on certain issues What was the purpose of Hamilton’s economic plan? What were the 4 steps? To raise money to pay off debts Selling US treasury bonds, excise taxes, tariffs, creating a National Bank What did Federalists believe? Hamilton, strong central government, loose interpretation of the Constitution What did the Democratic Republicans believe? Jefferson, strong state governments, strict interpretation of the Constitution What is a tariff? A tax on imported goods, designed to make people buy domestic goods How did Washington’s handling of the Whiskey Rebellion prove the national gov’ts power? It showed the people that the president and the federal gov’t would enforce federal laws and calm rebellions safely and quickly

EARLY AMERICAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS

French Revolution Began in 1789, rebellion in which the French people overthrew their monarchy and attempted to make the country into a republic At first, most Americans supported the French Revolution Inspired by the desire for liberty from an oppressive government, just like the American Revolution France = America’s ally in the American Revolution (1778 treaty)

Reactions to French Revolution The Jacobins (a group of radical French revolutionaries) took control in France Beheaded King Louis XVI Started the Reign of Terror – beheading of many French citizens with the guillotine Declared war on all other European monarchies (including Great Britain) Because of alliance, French rebels expected US support in their war with GB. Some Americans concerned over supporting these behaviors!

Reactions to French Revolution

Cabinet Battle #2 TJ and Hamilton debate supporting France during its war with GB. Washington presides (MC’s)

Citizen Genet Affair France sent Edmond Genet to gain American support for French Revolution. Wanted Americans to support France instead of Great Britain. Traveled the country recruiting support. Violation of American neutrality! Washington demanded France take Genet back, but Genet’s friends in France were no longer in power. Genet stayed in US, but could not recruit for France. Made TJ look bad for supporting the French Revolution in the first place.

Resigned as Secretary of State in 1793. Citizen Genet Affair The Citizen Genet Affair lost American support for France. Because TJ had supported France, Federalists called him a radical! 1793 - TJ resigned from Secretary of State and left DC. Resigned as Secretary of State in 1793.

Troubles with Natives and British US owned land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River BUT… British still had military forts set up in the Northwest Territory Natives still lived in these areas

Fights in the Northwest Native tribes in the Northwest Territory felt excluded in the Treaty of Paris land-deal as they were not consulted about the hand-off of their land. Tried to demand direct negotiations with the US government Natives increased attacks on American settlers in the Northwest Territory. Received encouragement from British troops still in forts

Fights in the Northwest 1790 – Washington sent US troops to Northwest Territory to gain control over the area US troops clashed with the Miami Confederacy, led by chief Little Turtle Little Turtle won the first battles in 1790-91.

Fights in the Northwest 1792 – Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne (“Mad Anthony”) to train and lead the troops against Little Turtle. Little Turtle realized that a peace-deal would be the best route instead of fighting. “We have beaten the enemy twice under different commanders… The Americans are now led by a chief who never sleeps… We have never been able to surprise him… It would be prudent to listen to his offers of peace.” -Little Turtle in a speech to his allies

Battle of Fallen Timbers The Miami Confederacy did not agree with Little Turtle’s ideas of peace → replaced Little Turtle with a more aggressive and less capable leader. 1794 – Battle of Fallen Timbers General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy (near present day Toledo, OH) Wayne’s troops proudly set up a US fort only 2 miles away from a British fort in the area

Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Fallen Timbers essentially ended the Native American resistance against US settlers. Eventually the Miami Confederacy signed a deal with the US – sold the land for less and less money.

Jay’s Treaty John Jay – Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court (SCOTUS) went to London to negotiate a deal with the British to get their troops out of US. Word got to London about the American victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers Jay’s Treaty – 1794 British troops would be removed from US soil but British fur traders were allowed to stay angered Democratic-Republicans

Recap of US Foreign Affairs

Washington’s Farewell 1792 – Washington reelected 1796 – declined 3rd term Getting old (~66 yrs) Didn’t want to seem like a king

Washington’s Farewell MANY achievements… Opened land to western settlement - victories over Native tribes Suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion – showed federal government’s strength and proved it could enforce national laws Kept US out of war with Europe (Spain, France, and England) Established policies that helped boost foreign trade and pay back national debt

Washington’s Farewell 1796 – Washington’s Farewell Address Future presidents shouldn’t serve more than 2 terms Stay NEUTRAL! Warned against creating alliances and entanglements with other nations Avoid “factions” (political parties) Factions will love their party more than the country Focus on compromises Avoid sectionalism – valuing one region’s interests over the interests of the nation as a whole. Will make the nation less stable

One Last Time Washington asks Hamilton for help in drafting his Farewell Address. “I want to talk about neutrality…” “I want to warn against partisan fighting…” “We’re gonna teach them how to say goodbye…”

Washington’s Precedents MANY precedents – an action that serves as an example for all future similar situations Established the cabinet system “Mr. President” instead of “Your Highness” or “Your Excellency” Delivered a State of the Union Address Social life – hosted formal dinner parties Used the federal government’s strength (sometimes military strength) to enforce federal laws Left office after 2 terms FDR – only president to serve more than 2 terms (4 terms!) 22nd Amendment – officially no more than 2 terms Delivered a Farewell Address

Democratic Republican Election of 1796 1st election with political parties! TJ Democratic Republican JOHN ADAMS Federalist POTUS VP Runner-up became VP.

Election of 1796 The Constitution was written when political parties were not developed… therefore it made sense to have the runner-up in the election become the VP. With political parties… having the POTUS and the VP from different parties is going to cause some PROBLEMS! Highlighted growing sectionalism – placing the interests of one region over the interests of the nation. Southern states – TJ Northern states - Adams

The Adams Administration When Washington was in office, he gave Hamilton A LOT of power, influence, and leeway with his ideas. When Washington stepped down, Hamilton basically lost his closest ally in the government, minus John Adams (Federalist). Things look good with Adams being president, except that Adams thinks Washington gave Hamilton too much power. Adams as POTUS wants to be more powerful than Hamilton, so he doesn’t offer Hamilton a position in his cabinet. Hamilton no longer held any official position in the US government. At the end, TJ says, “let’s let him know what we know…” referring to some information they had about Hamilton possibly embezzling gov’t funds. They wanted to use this evidence to blackmail Hamilton out of politics for good.

Crisis with France France – “Jay’s Treaty with England is a VIOLATION of our alliance!” French officials refused to meet with American ambassadors French ships began to seize (attack/snatch) American ships going to England. Adams sent 3 diplomats (American officials) to negotiate a deal with the French foreign minister Talleyrand.

XYZ Affair XYZ Affair - 1797, American diplomats are not greeted by Talleyrand → instead see 3 low- level French officials (“X, Y, and Z”). Demand $250,000 to see Talleyrand Demand a loan to finance French war with England Demanded payment for the “wrongs” done to France by breaking their treaty American diplomats were INSULTED and REFUSED to pay anything.

Quasi-War with France 1798 – Congress created navy and began seizing French ships. Many men volunteered for the military Washington came out of retirement to be “Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of the raised or to be raised” 1798-1800 – Quasi-War (undeclared war) with France in the Atlantic Ocean War-like activities without either country actually declaring war on each other.

The Alien and Sedition Acts The XYZ Affair caused an anti-French feeling in America. Rumors of French spies hiding in America Growing immigrant population → backed the Democratic Republicans instead of Federalists Anti-French feelings and growing immigrant populations → Adams and Federalists felt threatened by immigrants and anyone who disagreed with them.

The Alien and Sedition Acts The Alien and Sedition Acts - 1798, laws passed by Congress during the undeclared war with France that limited freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non US citizens and immigrants Naturalization Act – must be in US for 14 years to be a citizen Alien Friends Act – POTUS can deport any alien (foreigner) who was deemed dangerous to national security Alien Enemies Act – POTUS can deport any alien from a country who is at war with US Sedition Act – crime to publish/say anything that criticizes the government (sedition)

Can You… Print a newspaper article with the title: “Adams Losing Naval War with France” NO! – Sedition Act face jail time Become a citizen after living in the US for 10 years NO! – Naturalization Act must live in US for 14 years to be citizen Be French and live in the US NO! – Alien Enemies Act deported because the US is at war with France Be Irish and support the Democratic Republicans NO! – Alien Friends Act Deported because any foreigner who was deemed dangerous to national security was suspicious

The Alien and Sedition Acts OUTRAGED Democratic Republicans Many DRs were immigrants Many DRs disagreed with Adams/Federalists → jailed for speaking/writing against the government Violation of liberties guaranteed and protected in the Bill of Rights (speech and press)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions TJ and Madison (both DRs) believed the federal government was misusing their power with the Alien and Sedition Acts. Decided to organize state support for opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts → wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Claimed the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, therefore VA and KY would NOT follow these laws. Nullification – the idea that states could ignore any act of Congress/President they considered unconstitutional.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions No other states wrote or adopted similar resolutions, but this highlighted the continuing disagreement over the power of the federal government.