Caleb, Amber, Bobby, Matt, Meghan, Jackie, Robby Chapter 12 Section 2 Caleb, Amber, Bobby, Matt, Meghan, Jackie, Robby

Scramble For Africa Up Until this point, European Nations had let Africa self rule and self govern themselves With the growing tensions and conflict within Europe, there was a struggle for power amongst them One way to show power and size, is land and territory ownership The European nations fought top take control of the African Territories as tempers continued to rise

Interest in Western and Northern Africa Chance to get rich fast from the untapped raw materials Economic, political, and social were the 3 main factors Economic: Gold, diamonds, cheap labor, and new trading outposts Political: Gaining new lands showed power and dominance over other countries Social: Industrial Revolution caused a surplus population and new colonies gave countries a chance to thin out their populations by shipping people out

King Leopold II Out of all the influence he was the main driving force of African colonization “To open civilization the only part of our globe where it has yet to penetrate, to pierce the darkness which envelop whole populations, it is , I dare say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress” In 1877, he and Henry Stanley wanted to set up Belgian settlements in the Congo He ordered his men to commit many atrocities that sparked controversy in Europe He cruelly treated the natives, torturing and massacring over 10 million natives

Berlin Conference It was a meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divided the conference was convened by Portugal but led by Otto von Bismarck chancellor of the newly united Germany. the African people were not invited and there was no political leader no delegate nor ambassador from Africa from the berlin conference it was attended by representatives of Great Britain, Austria- Hungary, Russia, USA, Denmark, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, turkey and Belgium.

Boers Dutch for “husbandman,” or “farmer” Most came from the Netherland or German Regions They settled in Southern Africa Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488, while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East

Boer war and its result British settlers discovered that there was gold and diamonds in the Transvaal The British mistreated many of the Boer residents, which sparked tensions between them Cecil Rhodes, founder of many of the diamond and gold settlements in Africa and considered a champion of British expansion, attempted to spark an uprising among British settlers against the Transvaal government Even though the raid failed and Rhodes was told to step down from being head of Cape Cod, the damage was already done Guerilla warfare was utilized by the Boers and in response the British burned crops and sent over 120,000 women and children to detention camps This war lasted from 1899 to 1902 until the British forces won and a peace treaty was signed in 1902 In 1910, an independent Union of South Africa was made that combined both Cape Colony and the Boer Republics

European Imperialism/African Nationalism By 1914, almost all African states besides Liberia and Ethiopia, were divided between Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal What began as indirect rule in some states like the ones owned by Britain, others had direct rule over their states such as France European administrators made all major decisions while native authorities inly enforced them The French wanted to assimilate the Africans rather than let them keep their traditions and customs Segregation began in these colonies as European officials began bringing their families Many lower and middle class Africans were forced to take up low paying, menial jobs All of this led to the gradual rise of African nationalism in these states, causing an uprising of newly educated leaders and uprisers

African Nationalist Leaders Most were educated Macemba Created some rebellions Couldn’t with stand Europeans advanced technology