Chapter 12 – Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?

12.2 – President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy When Washington took office: No army Money Fear for liberty Threats British Spanish French

Neutrality policy Farewell address The US would do nothing to aid either France or Britain in their war against each other Farewell address “It is our true policy,” he declared, “to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

Isolationism Agree or disagree? A policy of avoiding political or military agreements with other countries Agree or disagree?

12.3 Dilemma 1: What Should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships? Adams tried to follow Washington’s example of neutrality and isolationism. France made that difficult The Jay Treaty Britain stayed in the Ohio Valley France hoped we’d fight them!! Washington sent John Jay to negotiate, and the British agreed to leave. France got mad, and started attacking & seizing American merchant ships heading for England

XYZ Affair President Adams representatives to France to stop the attacks. They met secret agents named X, Y, and Z These men demanded money before any talks would begin Americans were OUTRAGED Undeclared war declared against France! Warships and privateers captured more than 80 armed French vessels Adams became popular!

12.4 – What Happened: Adams Pursues Peace War was popular, but Adams knew it was not good for the country. He sent a peace mission to France, which outraged the Federalist leaders Adams stayed true When the peace mission arrived, there was a new man in charge

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon was eager to end the fighting with Britain and America He ended the seizing of American ships & released captured American sailors Napoleon also agreed to end France’s 1778 alliance with the United States In exchange, we did not charge them for the ships they stole Adams considered this a small price to pay for peace

Adams chose the olive branch

This cost him his popularity, his party support, and his reelection Adams would only watch the Federalist party diminish in the next few years Adams regretted nothing. He left the nation at peace, and (as Washington suggested) made no permanent alliances. We should be proud of him! 

12.5 – Dilemma 2: How Should President Jefferson Deal with Pirates? France & Britain at war again in 1803 American ships seized again Jefferson complained, “England has become a den of pirates and France has become a den of thieves.” Like Washington and Adams, he tried for neutrality

Impressment On top of stealing ships, Britain “impressed” (kidnapped) American sailors, forcing them to serve in the British navy British claimed they were deserters In 1807, the American ship the Chesapeake was stopped, but refused to allow the British to search for deserters. They were fired upon, killing or wounding 21 American sailors

Piracy

Both Washington and Adams paid tribute (a fee) for safe passage. Pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa preyed on merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Both Washington and Adams paid tribute (a fee) for safe passage. $2 million by the time Jefferson became president And they wanted more!! The ruler of Tripoli declared war Which was worse: paying tribute or war?

12.6 – What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Problem Jefferson chose both??

12.6 – What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Problem Jefferson hated paying tribute more than war Problem w/ England & France 1803-1807 – 1500+ American ships captured 1807 embargo No foreign ships could come to America No American ships could go abroad 55,000 jobs lost and ships rotted 1809 – Congress repealed the embargo Ships attacked once more

Problem w/ pirates 1802 – sent a small fleet of warships to the Mediterranean to protect American ships 1815 – American and European forces defeated the pirate bases

12.7 – Dilemma 3: What Should President Madison Do to Protect Sailors and Settlers? When Madison took office, he tried a new deal with Britain and France: Stop attacking American ships, and the US will stop trading with your enemy. Napoleon took the deal, Madison cut off trade with Britain France still kept taking ships, secretly The British kept taking ships and “impressing” sailors

War? No other choice. New England knew it meant a blockade They’d rather just take their chances The South & west favored war The blockade wouldn’t hurt them as much They were annoyed by the “impressing” The British were encouraging issues with the Native Americans Maybe we could get Canada???

12.8 – What Happened: Madison Launches the War of 1812 Madison chose: the arrows!!!

Congress declared war in 1812 7,000 poorly trained men and 16 ships We’re totally going to win…? Battles on Land and Sea It was rough for both sides In 1814, the British defeated the French, so they could send more troops to fight. No Canada for us 

In August 1814, Washington D. C. was attacked In August 1814, Washington D.C. was attacked. The Capitol and White House were burned In September, Baltimore was attacked. Francis Scott Key watched Fort McHenry’s bombardment, and was so overjoyed to see the flag the next morning, he wrote a poem. Now put to music, it is our national anthem “The Star-Spangled Banner”

The Battle of New Orleans In January 1815, General Andrew Jackson and his army faced 7,500 British troops, and neither side held back. 2,000 British troops were killed or wounded in this battle; compared to only 20 Americans  However, it was unnecessary because in December 1814, a peace treated had ended the war.

Results of the War Both sides claimed victory! Both sides lost? The treaty solved nothing??? Native Americans who fought with the British were driven out of the Ohio Valley National pride surged The Federalist Party’s reputation was damaged because they opposed the war – it would never recover

Guest Speaker: author John Green!

The War of 1812 was over when James Monroe took office. 12.9 – Dilemma 4: What Should President Monroe Do to Support the New Latin American Nations? The War of 1812 was over when James Monroe took office. He preferred isolationism. Latin American’s Revolutions Spanish colonies (Mexico to South America) were revolting against Spain.

The New Latin American Nations Americans were excited by the revolutions Yay, freedom for others! Britain also voiced their support Yay, more trade options! Other nations didn’t like it, so Britain asked for our help to support the Latin American Revolution Monroe asked former presidents Jefferson and Madison for advice. To help or not?

12.10 – What Happened: The U.S. Issues the Monroe Doctrine Monroe chose: um…

The Monroe Doctrine policy issued Jefferson and Madison liked the idea of joining Britain to send a warning His secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, agreed The Monroe Doctrine policy issued North and South America were no longer open for future colonization from Europe This angered Europe Americans LOVED it! We are now a strong confident nation!

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