Living in a World at War 1939-1945 Chapter 23 Living in a World at War 1939-1945

The Deep Roots of War — The United States, Europe, and Asia 1939 - New Deal overshadowed Growing tensions in Japan, Italy, Spain, and Germany For the most part, the U.S. remains isolated during the 1930s. Adolf Hitler, “Der Führer,” Nazi Germany

Sept. 7, 1934 Nye Commission – Concluded US entry into WWI was prompted by business intrests

U.S. Germany Leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt Adolph Hitler   U.S. Germany Leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt Adolph Hitler Birth and Death dates Dates they were in power How did they come to power? What were the conditions in the country at the time of their raise to power? How did they react when their power was restricted or challenged? What is their legacy? How are they remembered?

Preparedness and Isolation, 1939 –1941 When Germany attacked Poland in September 1939, Britain and then France declared war on Germany. Europe was at war. Neither Japan nor the United States intervened. Britain and France waited for an attack they knew would come. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Battle of Britain By the summer of 1940, Hitler was the master of Europe. Only Great Britain stood against Germany 338,000 Allied troops evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk Germans launched “The Blitz” Hitler fails to capture Britain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Moving Toward Lend-Lease Legislation America First Committee “Destroyers-for-Bases” deal “Arsenal of Democracy” – “Four Freedoms” Lend-Lease legislation - “loan” war materials to the British for the duration of the war © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growing Tensions with Japan Meanwhile, Japan’s expansion in East Asia causes the U.S. to shut off oil shipments. Dec. 7, 1941 - Japanese planes attack the U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growing Tensions with Japan Meanwhile, Japan’s expansion in East Asia causes the U.S. to shut off oil shipments. Dec. 7, 1941 - Japanese planes attack the U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Battles, Early Losses, 1941– 1942 Within hours of December 7, Japan also attacked U.S. bases in the Philippine Islands, the Aleutian Islands off Alaska, as well as Guam and Wake Islands in the mid-Pacific. Japan controlled the whole of the western Pacific. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key points Selective Service Act Executive order 8802 – Fair Employment Practices Committee Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Internment Korematsu v. United States

Mass Mobilization in a Society at War The attack of December 7, 1941, changed everything. All Americans had their lives changed by the war. The war provided a job for everyone, and wartime jobs vastly expanded the size of the nation’s middle class. Ended the Great Depression © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Men in the Military — Volunteers and Draftees Selective Service System Sixteen million men had registered for the draft when the war began, more soon after, and others volunteered in anticipation of an expanding draft. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Japanese Power in the Pacific MAP 23-2, Japanese Power in the Pacific © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Deferments, Alternative Service, and War Work Congress allowed young men to complete college Other Americans found themselves in new jobs they had never before imagined. 43,000 conscientious objectors were “opposed to participation in war in any form.” © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Women in Military Service The U.S. Army established the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps, or WACs U.S. Navy created the Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service, or WAVES © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rosie the Riveter and Her Friends In the course of the war, more than 6 million more women entered the workforce Some 2 million women went to work in previously all-male defense plants where they sometimes made up half of the workforce. On the West Coast, 500,000 women worked in the aircraft industry and 225,000 in shipbuilding. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Japanese Internment 120,000 native-born Americans of Japanese descent sent to relocation camps in the West. Some German Americans and Italian Americans, too Made into an Enemy – The War © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internment Camps © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Industrial Strength, Industrial Prosperity FDR said the United States needed to provide “crushing superiority of equipment in any theater of the world war.” Roosevelt insisted that the United States produce: 60,000 airplanes in 1942 and 185,000 in 1943 120,000 tanks 55,000 anti-aircraft guns 16 million tons of merchant shipping

Wartime Prosperity Wartime rationing limited some goods. People needed ration stamps to purchase their monthly allotment of meat, coffee, tires, and gasoline, and new cars were simply not available. Housing was scarce, too.

Selling Wartime Rationing

The War in Europe, 1943–1945 Germany first “Operation Overlord” June 6, 1944 Opening a second front March to Berlin The Holocaust

Battle of Stalingrad By 1942, Germany was focusing it attention on southern USSR Their goal was to secure the vast oil reserves. It will be the real turning point of the war Allies Axis USSR Germany Killed/Missing 1,150,000 743,000 Captured 107,000

Focusing on the Nazis We begin to focus on the European Theater November 8, 1942 – Invasion of North Africa We invade from the west and the British push in from the east (Egypt). The goal is to squeeze the Nazis out of Africa Allies Axis Great Britain US Germany Italy Killed/Missing 22,000 18,000 22,300 Captured 340,000 130,000

End of Operation Torch After setbacks at the Kasserine Pass, in February 1943, the Allies regrouped In April, the Allies worked to cut the German and Italians access to naval support. By May 13, the Axis has surrendered in North Africa This opened the way for the Allies to jump across the Mediterrian Sea, first onto Sicily and then to Italy.

Jumping to Europe July 10, 1943 – Invasion of Sicily We follow the Nazis across the Mediterranean Sea, back to Europe We hop from Africa to Sicily and hopefully to Italy Allies Axis Great Britain US Germany Italy Killed/Missing/Captured 24,820 150,000 ish

On to Europe Sept. 3, 1943 – Invasion of Italy We follow the Nazis to Europe and hope to push up the Italian Peninsula (“Soft under-belly of Europe) and into Austria and Germany. Not as easy as we thought it would be.

D-day June 6, 1944 – Invasion of Normandy France Operation Over Lord is under way Great Britain, Canada, and U.S. go across the English Channel to invade France. We land at Normandy on 5 beachheads, Gold Juno, Sword, Omaha, and Utah.

The attack

Pre invasion operations

Gliders – Great idea in Theory

LCVP “Higgin’s Boats”

The Landing

Work Horse of the Waves LST

Liberation of France By August 1944, the German forces had been pushed out of France. This will be an important victory to reestablish an ally and mark the finial phase of the war in western Europe.

Battle of the Bulge German’s last big attack The German’s threw everything they had at the center of the Allied Lines in the West Eventually the attack was repulsed and the demoralized Germany troops fell back. Fighting continued but it was a steady march toward Berlin

Roosevelt’s Death, Truman’s Leadership April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Harry S. Truman becomes president April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 - Germany surrenders, VE Day © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The War in the Pacific, 1943–1945 The U.S. employed a strategy of “island hopping.” The war in the Pacific was brutal. Iwo Jima Okinawa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The War in the Pacific MAP 23-5, The War in the Pacific © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Atomic Era Begins Manhattan Project Aug. 6, 1945 - the Enola Gay drops “Little Boy” on Hiroshima 100,000 die instantly Aug. 9 - “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki 60,000 die instantly Aug. 14 - Japan surrenders, VJ Day © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.