What are they and how do you write one? Essential Questions What are they and how do you write one?

What Is an Essential Question? Students have to think critically to answer an essential question. Instead of simply looking up answers, they conduct research and create an original answer. An essential question: provokes deep thought. solicits information-gathering and evaluation of data. results in an original answer. helps students conduct problem-related research. makes students produce original ideas rather than predetermined answers. may not have an answer. encourages critical thinking not just memorization of facts.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Essential Questions are found at the top of Bloom's Taxonomy (Bloom, 1954). They require readers to: EVALUATE (make a thoughtful choice between options, with the choice based upon clearly stated criteria) SYNTHESIZE (invent a new or different version) ANALYZE (develop a thorough and complex understanding through skillful questioning).

Types of Essential Questions Which one? How? What if? Should? Why?

“Essential vs. Traditional Questions" Not Essential: “What is it like to live in Hong Kong?" Essential Which city in Southeast Asia is the best place to live? “What is AIDS?" Essential: Which serious disease most deserves research funding?

“How Questions" Examples: What are some sustainable solutions to environmental problems in your neighborhood, and how could they be implemented?

"What if Questions" What if questions are hypothetical, questions which ask you to use the knowledge you have to pose a hypothesis and consider options. Examples: "What if the Cultural Revolution had never happened?" "What if students didn’t have to go to school?”

"Should Questions" Should questions make a moral or practical decision based on evidence. Examples: "Should we clone humans?“ "Should we discontinue trade with countries that abuse human rights?"

"Why Questions" Why questions ask you to understand cause and effect. "Why" helps us understand relationships; it helps us get to the essence of an issue. Examples: "Why do people abuse drugs?" "Why is the death rate higher in one Third World country than another?"

Skinny vs. “Fat” Questions What are Fat Question? Open-ended questions, which can be argued and supported by evidence. Examples: Skinny Question: "When was the Declaration of Independence signed?" Fat Question: "What would have happened had we not signed it?”

How do you write an essential question? Consider the focus of the unit or lesson activity: Substance abuse, drug addiction, legal & illegal drugs (use your inspiration mind map) Ideas for a good essential question: may stem from your particular interests in a topic (e.g. What makes a drug “good”?, community resources (How is China dealing with substance abuse?) Begin with the 6 typical queries that newspaper articles address: Who? What? Where? When? Why? and How? From these questions formulate your essential question. Use: Which one? How? What if? Should? Why?

Examples of Essential Questions

Examples of Open-ended Questions How would you…? What would result if…? How would you describe…? How does…compare with…? What is the relationship between…? What would happen if…? How could you change…? How would you improve…? How do you feel about…? Why do you believe…? What is your opinion of…? What choice would you have made…? What would you do differently? Why do you feel…? How would you go about solving the problem…? If you were in this position what would you do? Why do you/don’t you support…? What could improve…?

Culture: Values, Beliefs & Rituals How do individuals develop values and beliefs? What factors shape our values and beliefs? How do values and beliefs change over time? How does family play a role in shaping our values and beliefs? Why do we need beliefs and values? What happens when belief systems of societies and individuals come into conflict? When should an individual take a stand in opposition to an individual or larger group? When is it appropriate to challenge the beliefs or values of society? Are there universal characteristics of belief systems that are common across people and time?

Social Justice Questions What is social justice? To what extent does power or the lack of power affect individuals? What is oppression and what are the root causes? How are prejudice and bias created? How do we overcome them? What are the responsibilities of the individual in regard to issues of social justice? Can literature serve as a vehicle for social change? When should an individual take a stand against what he/she believes to be an injustice? What are the most effective ways to do this? What are the factors that create an imbalance of power within a culture?

Questioning Resources Asking Essential Questions http://www.biopoint.com/ibr/askquestion.html The Key to Understanding Essential Questions http://www.hannibal.cnyric.org/Acrobat%20docs/ESSENTIAL%20QUESTIONS%20For%20high%20School.pdf Themes and Essential Questions: Framing Inquiry and Critical Thinking http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ELA/6-12/Essential%20Questions/Index.htm Asking Essential Questions http://www.il-tce.org/present04/flesser.pdf