The History of the Universe in 60 Minutes 11/8/2018 Max Tegmark, MIT

100dpi 11/8/2018

Cosmology timeline: Overduin & Priester 2001, astro-ph/0101484 500 BC 2000 AD Cosmology timeline: 11/8/2018 Overduin & Priester 2001, astro-ph/0101484

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Cosmology timeline: 11/8/2018 Einstein’s theory of gravity Cluster cosmology Expanding Universe theoretically possible (Friedmann) Universe is expanding (Hubble) Derision cosmology Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (Gamow) Cosmic Microwave Background predicted (Alpher & Herman) Cosmic microwave backgroud anisotropies Supernova cosmology Galaxy redshift surveys Weak gravitational lensing Lyman a forest cosmology 1st quasar discovered (Schmidt) Cosmic Microwave Background detected (Penzias & Wilson) 21 cm cosmology Inflation invented (Guth, Linde, Albrecht & Steinhardt) CfA Galaxy Redshift Survey CMB anisotropies detected (COBE) Dark energy discovered with supernovae (2 teams), CMB peaks detected Weak lensing detected (4 teams) WMAP CMB, SDSS galaxy clustering 2dF galaxy clustering Precision cosmology Planck CMB satellite CMB polarization detected (DASI) CMBPOL satellite? JDEM? JWST? LSST? SKA?

11/8/2018 Flyabout + SDSS movie

(Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) 11/8/2018 (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team)

Fluctuation generator 11/8/2018 Brief History of the Universe Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team)

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 What do we want to measure? Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological functions (z), G(z,k), Ps(k), Pt(k)

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 To 0th order: Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth H(z) Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological functions (z), G(z,k), Ps(k), Pt(k)

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 To 1st order: Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth H(z) P(k,z) Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological functions

11/8/2018 MATTER BUDGET (Q) INITIAL CONDITIONS

11/8/2018 OUR TOOLS

Smorgasbord 11/8/2018

11/8/2018 Measuring expansion

Arthur Geoffrey Walker 1909-? 11/8/2018 Arthur Geoffrey Walker 1909-? (British; 1935 paper with H P Robertson showed that F(L)RW metric is only homogeneous & isotropic metric) Alexander Friedmann 1888-1925 (Russian; 1922 paper) George Lemaître 1894-1936 (Belgian; indep. 1927 paper)

Cosmic scale factor a(t) 11/8/2018 Cosmic scale factor a(t) t [Gigayears]

The Universe is expanding: H>0 today v≈Hr for v«c 11/8/2018 The Universe is expanding: H>0 today v≈Hr for v«c

11/8/2018

Edwin Hubble 1889- (American; 1930 paper) Mt. Wilson Observatory 1931 11/8/2018 Edwin Hubble 1889- (American; 1930 paper) Mt. Wilson Observatory 1931

How measure distance & redshift? 11/8/2018 Hubble 1929: H550 km/s/Mpc Riess et al 1996: H70 km/s/Mpc How measure distance & redshift?

11/8/2018

Cosmic scale factor a(t) 11/8/2018 Cosmic scale factor a(t) t [Gigayears]

Standardizable candles Boom zoom Standardizable candles 11/8/2018 (From Saul Perlmutter’s web site)

Using galaxy correlations as a standardizable ruler: Boom zoom Using galaxy correlations as a standardizable ruler: 11/8/2018 (Eisenstein, Hu & MT 1998; Eisenstein et al 2005; Cole et al 2005) Easiest to understand in real space (Bashinsky & Bertschinger, PRL, 87, 1301, 2001; PRD 123008, 2002)

We’ve measured distance to z=0.35 to 5% accuracy Boom zoom 11/8/2018 (Eisenstein et al 2005, for the SDSS collaboration astro-ph/050112) We’ve measured distance to z=0.35 to 5% accuracy

Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock: 11/8/2018 Tytler et al 2000, astro-ph/0001318

H = dlna/dt, H2   Assumes k=0 SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraints 11/8/2018 H = dlna/dt, H2   Assumes k=0 SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraints Yun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92, 241302

11/8/2018 Measuring clustering

History 11/8/2018 CMB Foreground-cleaned WMAP map from Tegmark, de Oliveira-Costa & Hamilton, astro-ph/0302496

Boom zoom 11/8/2018 z = 1000

Boom zoom 11/8/2018 z = 2.4 Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001

Boom zoom 11/8/2018 z = 0.8 Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001

Boom zoom 11/8/2018 z = 0 Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001

CMB LSS Lya 1par movies Lensing Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Lensing Lya Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018

CMB LSS Lya 1par movies Lensing Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Lensing Lya Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

000619 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 11/8/2018 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)

1par movies 11/8/2018 LSS

LSS 1par movies Clusters 11/8/2018 Clusters LSS Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

CMB LSS 1par movies Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

History 11/8/2018 (Figure from Wayne Hu) (Figure from WMAP team)

History 11/8/2018

History 11/8/2018 CMB Foreground-cleaned WMAP map from Tegmark, de Oliveira-Costa & Hamilton, astro-ph/0302496

Boom zoom 11/8/2018 Guth & Kaiser 2005, Science

CMB LSS 1par movies Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

CMB LSS Ly 1par movies Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Ly Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

LyF Boom zoom Quasar You Lyman Alpha Forest Simulation: Cen et al 2001 11/8/2018 LyF Quasar You

CMB LSS Ly 1par movies Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Ly Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

CMB LSS Ly 1par movies Lensing Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Lensing Ly Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

GRAVITATIONAL LENSING: 11/8/2018 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING: A1689 imaged by Hubble ACS, Broadhurst et al 2004

distortion 11/8/2018 Lensing

CMB LSS Ly 1par movies Lensing Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Lensing Ly Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

000619 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 11/8/2018 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)

CMB LSS Lya 1par movies Lensing Clusters 11/8/2018 CMB Clusters LSS Lensing Lya Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates

But the best is yet to come… 11/8/2018 But the best is yet to come…

11/8/2018 Measuring cosmological parameters

Cosmological parameter movies available at 11/8/2018 Cosmological parameter movies available at http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/movies.html

Why are we cosmologists so excited? Cmbgg OmOl How much dark matter is there? 11/8/2018 b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) Why are we cosmologists so excited? =d /(1.878810-26 kg m3)

How much dark matter is there? Cmbgg OmOl How much dark matter is there? 11/8/2018 b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) =d /(1.878810-26 kg m3)

How much dark matter is there? Cmbgg OmOl How much dark matter is there? 11/8/2018 b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) Ruled out by CMB 2000 (COBE, Boomerang, MAXIMA, etc) =d /(1.878810-26 kg m3)

CMB How much dark matter is there? Cmbgg OmOl b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) 11/8/2018 CMB b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) =d /(1.878810-26 kg m3)

+ CMB P(k) How much dark matter is there? Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018 CMB + b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) P(k) =d /(1.878810-26 kg m3)

+ + CMB P(k) LyF How much dark matter is there? Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018 CMB + b /(1.878810-26 kg m3) P(k) + LyF SDSS LyaF analysis lead by Pat McDonald, Uros Seljak, Scott Burles & co

Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018 CMB

Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018

Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018 CMB + LSS

Cmbgg OmOl 11/8/2018

11/8/2018 MATTER BUDGET (Q) INITIAL CONDITIONS

Cosmological Parameters 11/8/2018 Cosmological data Cosmological Parameters

Cosmological Parameters 11/8/2018 Cosmological data Cosmological Parameters ARE WE DONE?

Cosmological Parameters 11/8/2018 Cosmological data Cosmological Parameters Why these particular values? Nature of dark matter? ? Fundamental theory Nature of dark energy? Nature of early Universe?

MATTER BUDGET (Q) INITIAL CONDITIONS

Inflation! (Q) Baryogenesis SUSY? -physics WHY?

Standard model parameters: Why these values? Standard model parameters:

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 Cosmological data H(z), P(k,z), ClT , ClX , ClE , ClB ,… Cosmological functions All vanilla? (z), G(z,k), Ps(k), Pt(k)

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 Cosmological data H(z), P(k,z), ClT , ClX , ClE , ClB ,… Cosmological functions All vanilla? (z), G(z,k), Ps(k), Pt(k) Non-vanilla clustering? Make at LHC? Detect directly? Indirectly? Non-constant density? Clustering? Clues about Dark matter Dark energy Inflation Non-scale invariance? Gravitational waves? Non-Gaussianity? Isocurvature modes? Non-flatness?

Cosmological functions 11/8/2018 Cosmological data H(z), P(k,z), ClT , ClX , ClE , ClB ,… Cosmological functions All vanilla? (z), G(z,k), Ps(k), Pt(k) Non-vanilla clustering? Make at LHC? Detect directly? Indirectly? Non-constant density? Clustering? Clues about Dark matter Dark energy Inflation Non-scale invariance? Gravitational waves? Non-Gaussianity? Isocurvature modes? Non-flatness? c,  Q

DARK ENERGY: w(z) =-1, w’=w’’=…=0 No dark energy clustering Boom zoom 11/8/2018 DARK ENERGY: w(z) =-1, w’=w’’=…=0 No dark energy clustering Dark energy density 0 1 2 Redshift z

DARK MATTER: Boom zoom 0 1 2 Redshift z No direct detection 11/8/2018 DARK MATTER: No direct detection No indirect detection No accelerator detection No astrophysically observed departures from vanilla CDM Growth factor (obs/theo) 0 1 2 Redshift z

INFLATION: Boom zoom Wavenumber k [1/Mpc] 11/8/2018 INFLATION: No departures from scale invariance detected (n=1, dn/dlnk=0, etc) No gravity waves detected No non-Gaussianity detected No isocurvature detected Primordial power spectrum P*(k)/k Wavenumber k [1/Mpc]

11/8/2018