5 Kingdoms

Classification Typically, classification is considered to be the placing of similar objects into similar groups. Are there people you call your friends and others you can't stand? You have grouped these people based on something you personally determined. Classification is a part of the science of taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of grouping or organizing things.

Classifying – Grouping Examples The various states of The United States can be grouped in several ways. They can be grouped by which section of the country they are found in (e.g. Western States, Southern States, Mid- Western States, New England, etc.) States may also be grouped into two: those on a coast and those inland. 3. You may have learned the names of the states in alphabetical order. This is yet another way of grouping the states.

Brainstorm Get with the person next to you and think of examples of how items, places, are grouped. Brainstorm with your partner 5 examples of grouping/classification – for example. Community Grocery store School Or think of others

History of Classification Early classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful. Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals, wild animals, creeping animals, flying animals, and sea animals. Scientists have struggled to find correct classification systems to use. Early classification systems grouped things by whether they were alive or not. Then scientists began utilizing the fact that plants and animals are different. Finally, they realized that there were significant differences between specific types of plants and animals. They eventually agreed on the system we use today.  

Classification – 5 Kingdoms The way to classify organisms

Descriptions of the 5 kingdoms: 1. KINGDOM MONERA (monerans) *1 cell *no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane) *some move (flagellum); others don't *some make their own food (autotrophic); others can't make their own food (heterotrophic) *examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)

some algae (unicellular), etc.  2. KINGDOM PROTISTA (protists) *1 cell *have a true nucleus - eukaryote *some move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia); others don't *some are autotrophic; others are heterotrophic *examples - amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium, some algae (unicellular), etc.

fungus) *examples - mushroom, mold, puffball,  3.  KINGDOM FUNGI *multicellular *have nuclei *mainly do not move from place to place *heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus) *examples - mushroom, mold, puffball, shelf/bracket fungus, yeast, etc.

4. KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants) *multicellular *have nuclei *do not move *autotrophic * examples - multicellular algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plants (dandelions, roses, etc.), trees, etc.

insect, fish, frog, bird, humans        5.KINGDOM ANIMALIA: (animals) *multicellular *have nuclei *do move *heterotrophic *examples - sponge, jellyfish, insect, fish, frog, bird, humans

Plants

The Plant Kingdom What is a Plant? Plants are autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food) Plants are eukaryotes& contain many cells Plants are surrounded by cell walls

Photosynthesis Plants are a sun-powered, food making factory. Sunlight provides the energy for this process. Photosynthesis: a process where a plant uses carbon dioxide gas and water to make food and oxygen.

Because plant cell walls are rigid, plant cells look like small boxes. Plant cell walls contain cellulose – a material that makes the plant rigid. Cell walls makes apples and carrots crunchy! Because plant cell walls are rigid, plant cells look like small boxes.

Plants adapting to Land For plants to survive on land, they must have ways to obtain water and food from their surroundings. How do plants hold onto water? Cuticle – a waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves of most plants – retains the water.

Transport & Support Water and minerals are taken up by the bottom part of the plant, and food is made in the top part of the plant. Vascular Tissue: a system of tubelike structures inside a plant that water, minerals, and food move Consists of 2 parts: Phloem – tissue through which food moves. Food is made in the leaves and travels to other parts of the plant. Xylem – system which water travels – enters through the roots and travels up to stems and leaves. Food making parts must be exposed to sunlight. Cell walls and vascular tissue strengthen and support large plants Plant transportation site: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073031216/student_view0/exercise31/vascular_system_of_plants.html

Two major groups of plants: Nonvascular – plants that lack a well developed system for transporting water. Characteristics: Low growing Do not have roots for absorbing water from ground Obtain water from surroundings and pass from one cell to the next Live in damp, shady places Thin cell walls These plants are usually only a few cm. tall Examples: mosses – grow in damp, shady places liverworts – grow on moist soil and rocks

Vascular Plants: Vascular plants – have well developed vascular system that moves the food and water through the plants’ body. Characteristics: Transport materials up through the plants’ body Very sturdy Usually very tall plants Examples – Ferns, trees, shrubs, flowering plants

Origin of Plants Oldest plant fossils date back to 400 million years ago. Ancient green algae were ancestors of today’s green plants.

Brainpops: Photosysthesis: http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/photosynthesis/ Seed Plants: http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/seedplants/

Tropism

Have you ever wondered how seedlings “know” which way to grow? The plant must send its roots down into the soil for minerals and water. The plant must send its stems up into the light and air so that it can manufacture food. Seeds grow the correct way no matter which way they are planted into the ground.

Tropism? Tropism is the growing or bending of a plant in response to an external source of stimulation. Several different types of tropism: Phototropism (photo = light) Geotropism (geo = earth) Hydrotropism (hydro = water)

Geotropism In growing straight up and down, the plant is responding to a very powerful force – gravity. Geotropism is the way a plant grows or bends in response to the pull of gravity. The roots respond positively to gravity by growing down into the ground. The stems and leaves respond negatively to gravity by growing up into the light and air. Click here to see a video showing geotropism. (The video is courtesy of Roger Hangarter's lab)

Phototropism Triggered by light. Phototropism is the way a plant grows or bends in response to light. The roots respond negatively to light by growing away from it. The stems and leaves respond positively to light by growing towards it. Click here to view a video showing phototropism. The video is courtesy of Roger Hangarter's lab

Hydrotropism Triggered by water. The way a plant grows or bends in response to water. More difficult to observe; plant’s roots will grow towards or away from water.