L23A: Sociology of Language 2006-2007 Lecturer: Emmogene Budhai-Alvaranga Email addresses: ebudhai@yahoo.com or emmogene.budhai02@uwimona.edu.jm L23A Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l23a Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers 11/8/2018

Objectives of the Session Review of Last Session – Speech Community Introduction to Variation existing in speech communities 11/8/2018

Review_Main Problems with Group Assignments:   Even when linguistic criteria assign them to groups, people may have different views on their groupings Speakers see themselves as one group even if they do not speak the same language 11/8/2018

The Speech Community -Characterizing properties: 1.  Common locale is shared 2.   a high level of interaction among group members  3.   more interaction among group members than non-members 4. common social and linguistic norms 11/8/2018

Speech Communities – variation Variation in English Lexical/Semantic differences: miserable in England (unfortunate) & Jamaica (irritable) Phonology: Americans al’uminium vs British alum’inium Syntax: Southern US blacks – he don’t know nothing vs. Standard American – he doesn’t know anything 11/8/2018

Example of Variation – American English Midwestern dialect   Frank: How is Bob? Mary: Bob worries a lot anymore What is Mary trying to say? a)           bob doesn’t worry a lot anymore b)           Bob still worries a lot c)            Bob worries a lot nowadays 11/8/2018

Example of Variation – American English African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) Tabitha: Is she married? Jamal: She BIN married (emphasis on BIN) What is Jamal trying to say?: a)     she has been married before but isn’t married now b) she’s married now and has been for a long time 11/8/2018

Why language varieties differ? 3 main factors: 1)    Movement of population away from source 2)  Cultural contact with other speakers 3) Space between people – geographical and social 11/8/2018

DISTINCTION IN VARIATION STUDIES: HORIZONTAL (or Regional) VARIATION Vs. VERTICAL (or Social) VARIATION 11/8/2018

HORIZONTAL (or Regional) VARIATION variation largely geographical or regional to which the term “dialect” is usually attached. Eg. North America: different lexical items for beverage: pop, soda, soft drink, tonic researchers use ISOGLOSSES Which are lines used to mark linguistic boundaries (linguistic atlas) a number of isoglosses “bundle” may correspond with dialectal boundaries 11/8/2018

VERTICAL (or Social) VARIATION Variation influence by social factors (socio-economic status, caste, education level, gender, age, race, ethnicity) Most societies that have social dialect variation have at least two varieties: -       a high or prestigious variety - a non-standard variety 11/8/2018

Factors influencing Vertical Variation 1) Patterns of Interaction 2) Distribution of Power 3) Distribution of population 11/8/2018