Introduction to Beowulf Romans controlled England until the 5th century – 400 A.D. In 449 A.D. the Angles, Saxons, Swedes, Danes, etc. invaded Briton in waves for years – fought King Arthur. Briton became Angle-land or England, whose culture brought about Old English.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms Map from C. Warren Hollister, The Making of England, p. 64
Photos from British Museum
Anglo-Saxon Armor
Sutton Hoo
Introduction to Beowulf Beowulf began as a story/song… Many ancient works were memorized and recited—and were not written down until centuries later (Odyssey, Iliad, Beowulf) Only surviving Beowulf manuscript dates from late 10th century Probably composed mid-8th century – 700 A.D.
Introduction to Beowulf The scop (pronounced “shop”): Anglo-Saxon equivalent of a singing poet Scops utilized storytelling techniques: Alliteration Kenning Caesura
Beowulf Manuscript (Note the burn marks on the top and sides – likely damaged in a fire)
Alliteration Repetition of beginning consonant sounds “sword storm”
Kennings A metaphorical expression used in place of a noun Sea = “whale-road” or “swan’s way” Joints, ligaments = “bone-locks” Sun = “sky-candle” Icicles = “water-ropes”
Caesura A pause or break in a song or line of poetry Used for effect
Anglo-Saxon values Loyalty Fighting for one’s king Avenging one’s kinsmen Keeping one’s word Generosity -- gifts symbolize bonds Brotherly love -- not romantic love Heroism Physical strength Skill and resourcefulness in battle Courage Public reputation, not private conscience
What about the women? Women make peace, bearing children who create blood ties Women pass the cup at the mead-hall, cementing social bonds Women lament loss, don’t avenge
Religion in Anglo Saxon Times Beowulf’s people, the Geats (Sweden) and most all of Scandinavia were pagans, or non-Christians. Christian elements in Beowulf suggest that it was recorded by a monk or priest.
Beowulf as an Epic Hero As we read excerpts of Beowulf, complete your graphic organizer (#2) to trace the main character’s progress as an epic hero.