Nature and Characteristics of Discrimination By: Cameron Arriaga, Bianca Zermeno, and Gillian Almanza

Racism and Violence against African Americans https://youtu.be/OClYPCYAf7s This is the story of the Myers, an African American family attempting to move into an all white community in the 1950’s

How was Violence used to reinforce White Supremacy?

Reinforcement with Violence Whites maintained white supremacy by attacking individuals who failed to submit to whites African Americans were beaten or killed simply for standing up for themselves Violent white groups attacked people who symbolized black achievement and political activism Black landowners, doctors, political leaders, and voters were particularly vulnerable

“Separate but equal” The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the U.S. "Separate but equal" status for black Americans This led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 The remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act

The Revival of the Ku Klux Klan May 17, 1954- Brown v. Board of Education Triggered a wave of resistance White Citizen Councils Main weapon was economic pressure directed against individuals and organizations Losing Battle

KKK cont. Paralleling the efforts of the Council, the Ku Klux Klan sought to mobilize like- minded believers. Gathered former Klansmen that had been inactive for years-1956. April 10, 1956- the Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy assault singer Nat King Cole.

Klan Resurgence and Violence 1960’s- Klans employed terrorism and a form of guerrilla race warfare to carry out their purposes. Responsible for: assaults, killings, bombings, floggings, and other acts of racial intimidation in the South. National Klan Committee By the end of 1960, Klan membership was estimated at anywhere from 35,000 to 50,000.

Cont. The KKK kills three civil rights activists. Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney are killed by a Ku Klux Klan lynch mob near Meridian, Mississippi.

Deprived of the right to vote DISINFRANCHISEMENT Deprived of the right to vote

deny suffrage to African Americans Grandfather Clause statutory or constitutional device enacted by seven Southern states between 1895 and 1910 deny suffrage to African Americans

Poll taxes required voters to pay a fee in order to vote. Georgia began using poll taxes to limit African American voting in 1871. The taxes were generally $1-2 per year The poll tax was an effective tool of voter suppression. Georgia poll tax reduced overall turnout by 16-28%, and African American turnout by about 50%.

LITERACY TESTS tactic for limiting the Black vote, since approximately 40-60% of the African American population in the South in the late 19th Century could not read. Explicit literacy tests required people to demonstrate an ability to read before voting

WHITE-ONLY PRIMARIES White-only primary elections were another method used to disenfranchise Black voters. the 1920s, political party rules that excluded Black women and men and other marginalized communities from participating in party primaries were the norm throughout the South.

RESTRICTIVE VOTER REGISTRATION Voter registration laws required frequent re-registration, long-term residency, registration at inconvenient times (e.g., planting season, during work hours, etc.) and burdensome paperwork.