Work this out in your heads in silence... To Start… Work this out in your heads in silence... 76 17 + 29 + 30 = 43 + 12 + 23 = What process do you use to work these out? 78

Cognitive Psychology Memory “Working Memory Model”

To outline the structure of the Working Memory Model. Lesson Objectives Thinking Ladder… To outline the structure of the Working Memory Model. To describe each of the components of the Working Memory Model.

How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson I… Success Criteria How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson I… Will be able to identify the components of the working memory model. Will be able to understand how the components are related to each other. Will be able to describe the working memory model

WMM Baddeley & Hitch (1974) Agreed with Atkinson & Shiffrin that memory is not just one ‘thing’ but a number of different stores  However they realised that case study and laboratory evidence suggested that STM was more complicated than the MSM describes ….. (KF + dual task research) Their new and improved model of memory focuses on STM ONLY and suggests it is not a unitary store like the MSM says it is LTM as a more passive store that holds previously learned material for use by the STM when needed.

How Working Memory Model differs from the Multi-store model WMM is all about STM only

Working Memory Model WMM We saw with the multi-store model that a representation of the model can be drawn to illustrate it. We will now look at the working memory model…whilst exercising your memories! In groups of 3/4 A3 paper each Each group send one person up at a time to take a turn at looking at the model for 20 seconds. That person must then report back to group. Group must try and draw model from reports – reporter CANNOT draw! This also emphasises the limited capacity and duration of STM

Working Memory model, Baddeley & Hitch (1974) Central executive Very limited capacity Directs attention to tasks Decides how ‘resources’ are allocated to tasks Let’s take a closer look at the components… Visuo-spatial sketch pad Used when you have to plan a spatial task – i.e. how to get from one place to the next Spatial = the relationship between things Visual = what things look like Episodic buffer Added to model later as Baddeley realised the model needed a general store Phonological loop Subdivided into: Phonological store (inner ear) Articulatory process (inner voice) Students look at poster of model outside classroom – two from group go for one minute then report back Long term memory

This is also the role of the Central Executive! WMM Central Executive Imagine the fat controller… What kind of role does he play? What does his job involve? If he was in charge of memory what would he do? This is also the role of the Central Executive!

Central Executive WMM Functions: Direct attention to tasks – decides what working memory pays attention to. For example, two activities sometimes come into conflict such as driving a car and talking. Rather than hitting a cyclist who is wobbling all over the road, it is preferable to stop talking and concentrate on driving. The central executive directs attention and gives priority to particular activities.

WMM Central Executive Has Limited Capacity – Data arrives from the senses but it can’t hold it for long. It Determines how resources (slave systems) are allocated. Baddeley (1986) uses the metaphor of a company boss to describe the way in which the central executive operates.  The company boss makes decisions about which issues deserve attention and which should be ignored.  The Boss also select strategies but can only do a limited number of things at the same time. The boss of a company will collect information from a number of different sources just like the CE that takes information from the inner ear and the eyes as well as information held in a large database (LTM).

The ‘CE’ Acts like the people in the control tower at the airport

The next components are known as ‘slave systems’ They work for the Central Executive

1st Slave System… Phonological Loop Imagine… You are engrossed in your favourite episode of TOWIE when your friend comes in and starts telling you about her day… What happens? Can you give your full attention to hearing 2 things at once?

Phonological Loop Limited Capacity 1st Slave System… Phonological Loop Limited Capacity Deals with auditory information and preserves word order – Inner Ear Baddeley (1986) further subdivided it into Phonological store (holds words heard) Articulatory process (holds words heard/seen and silently repeated (looped) like an inner voice. This is a kind of maintenance rehearsal.

Visuo-spatial sketch pad WMM 2nd Slave System… Visuo-spatial sketch pad Imagine folding these shapes into cubes. Do the arrows meet? At the same time try to calculate how many windows are in your house. Is this easy? Try calculating the windows in your house while listening to music. Is this easy?

Visuo-spatial sketch pad WMM 2nd Slave System… Visuo-spatial sketch pad Visual and/or spatial information stored here – Inner Eye Visual = what things look like Spatial = relationships between things It also has Limited capacity Logie (1995) suggested subdivision: Visuo-cache (store) Inner scribe for spatial relations.

WMM Episodic Buffer 3rd Slave System… Baddeley (2000) added the episodic buffer as he realised the model needed a more general store. The Slave systems deal with specific types of information. The Central executive has no storage capacity The Episodic Buffer adds extra storage system but with limited capacity. It Integrates information from all other areas.

Episodic Buffer is like a… The episodic buffer binds and integrates information from all of the other components, and sends information to the long-term memory store.

The Working Memory Model Task: Complete the fill-in-the- blanks exercise, using the key words below: Phonological loop Acoustic Articulatory Control System Multi-Store Model Working Memory Model Baddeley & Hitch Central Executive Visuo-Spatial Multi -Component Manipulates

Articulatory Control System Working Memory Model Baddeley & Hitch Multi-Store Model Multi-component Central Executive Visuo-Spatial Phonological Loop Acoustic Articulatory Control System Manipulates

WMM Your own Diagram… Create your own diagram of the Working Memory Model using the age old cut and stick method Extension: Label each component and try to write an explanation of what it is and does.

Question Time… We’ve seen the model now lets talk about the model..... WMM Question Time… We’ve seen the model now lets talk about the model..... Write ONE challenging question about the working memory model (that you know the answer to). Then go and test others in the class to see how well they have understood/remembered the model.