Aim: How has NATIONALISM been a source of UNITY? German + Italian Unification

Nationalism: Feeling of strong loyalty to one’s country and culture. *Can be a force for UNITY (Italy/Germany) or DIVISION (Ottomans)

Bismarck Unites Germany Otto Von Bismarck “BLOOD AND IRON” Policy used to unite German states under Prussian rule. Militarism Glorifying Military Using military as a means (method) of achieving national goals Wars for UNIFICATION and POWER Realpolitik Realistic Politics – Strengthen military and economy Economic Strengths: Industry, Resources, Workforce “The End Justifies the Means”

Austro-Prussian War

Franco Prussian War

Otto Von Bismarck “The Iron Chancellor” NATIONALISTIC GOALS UNIFICATION and POWER for Germany The STATE is more important than the INDIVIDUAL Foreign Allies: Build links to Austria and Russia, Keep France Weak (Why?) Enemies Catholic Church (1/3 of German Population) Socialists (What is Socialism?) Both Backfired  Led to Social Reform and Laws to Protect Workers

Italian Nationalism Risorgimento - Italian Nationalist Movement Guisseppe Mazzini (The Soul) Founded Young Italy Beginning of Nationalism in Italy Count Camillo Cavour (The Brains) Realpolitik (Like Bismarck) Giuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword) “Red Shirts”(Militant Group)  Took over Sicily

King Victor Emmanuel

Giuseppe Mazzini GOAL “To Constitute Italy, One, Free, Independent, Republican Nation”

Count Camillo Cavour

Giuseppe Garibaldi “Red Shirts”

ECONOMIC CHANGES Improved Agriculture Free Trade Between States Industrialization -Large Workforce SOCIAL CHANGES Emigration – Movement away from homeland Improved Social Conditions, Working Conditions and Education Increased Suffrage – Right to Vote

Aim: How has NATIONALISM been a source of DIVISION? Ottoman Empire

Ottoman History Took Over Byzantine Empire in 1453 Religion – Islam Capital City – Istanbul (Constantinople) Religion – Islam Hagia Sophia – Church Mosque Famous Leader – Suleyman

Ottoman Problems Multinational Empire Weak Leaders Balkans – Nationalist Revolutions Weak Leaders Conflict with Europeans (Crimean War) Europeans want the Strategic Location Failed Attempts at Reform

Ottoman Nationalist Movements Ottomans lost control of territories due to nationalistic rivalries and ethnic tensions: Romania, Bosnia, Montenegro, Cyprus, Herzgovina, Bulgaria, Greece Ottomans are overthrown because of feelings of NATIONALISM

Ottoman Reforms - Ataturk MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK – “Father of the Turks” A great reformer/westernizer/modernizer Similar to (Emperor Meiji, Peter the Great) Political Reforms: Declared Turkey a REPUBLIC and granted FREEDOM OF RELIGION (A secular state – NOT RELIGIOUS), European legal code (no Islamic law) Social Reforms: Schools for all, Equality for women Nationalism: Brought in western ideas, culture, technology to make Turkey a powerful MODERN state.