Beber et al. reading Notice that UN peacekeepers end up having an unexpected and unintended impact on the women in Monrovia Clearly at the intersection of institutional and disenfranchised theories Women’s personal security measurably decreased when UN peacekeepers show up Notice the care in social science research. Authors find a way to get honest answers from a large number of women about their sex lives without putting them at risk. The methods they used were (and had to be, by law) approved by an organization that protects people who answer surveys for academic research. Crucially important to do socially important research in ethically careful ways. And when you do, it can shed new light on important social science problems and how we might address them.

Outline Genocide and human rights: people do awful things to each other based on race, religion, and gender Rwanda – hard lecture Policy questions for you as a citizen When should we intervene? How should we intervene?

Genocide, Human Rights and Intervention - Places at risk Bosnia-Herzegovina - ~100,000 people killed, 80 percent of whom were Muslims Burma - Muslim Rohingya have no legal status, face severe discrimination, abuse, and violence Cambodia - Ethnic minorities faced particular persecution Central African Republic - political violence by opposition rebels with religious dimension Dem. Rep. of Congo - Ethnic hostility, related to Rwandan genocide, with inter-group violence Iraq: Islamic State targeting ethnic and religious minorities in northern Iraq, displacing 800,000 people and killing hundreds/thousands, of civilians. Rwanda - April-July 1994, ~800,000 Tutsis massacred by Hutu extremist–led government South Sudan - intercommunal violence is widespread, due to ethnic tensions, corruption, and few economic opportunities Sudan - Arab-dominated government imposing control on African minorities Syria - democratic uprising became overtly religious/ethnic conflict Zimbabwe – since 1980, government mass atrocities against civilians to repress opposition, may escalate if President Mugabe dies death. elections in 2018

The Genocide in Rwanda Questions to consider Find at least 2 pieces of evidence that racial identities (not national identities) are deep causes of conflict Find one piece of evidence that international institutions MADE a difference Find another piece of evidence that international institutions did NOT make a difference Find at least 1 piece of evidence that realism explains better than our other 2 theories

The Genocide in Rwanda Burundi / Rwanda / Oregon 10k mi2 10k mi2 100k mi2 $270 $640 $50,000

The Genocide in Rwanda Seeds of Genocide On Edge of Horror All Hell Breaks Loose Killing Continues Evil on Trial

The Genocide in Rwanda Questions to consider Evidence that international institutions DID make a difference to this conflict Evidence that international institutions did NOT make a difference to this conflict Evidence that racial identities (not national identities) play important roles as deep causes of conflict Evidence that realism explains better than our other 2 theories

Morality and intervention When is intervention appropriate? What moral obligations do we have when faced with something like the Rwanda genocide? Is it immoral to send American/UN soldiers to Rwanda to kill (and be killed by) Hutu soldiers and militias? Is it immoral to NOT send American/UN soldiers to Rwanda? What about intervening in Iraq under Saddam Hussein? The Democratic Republic of the Congo or Sudan today?

Are these similar or different? A government military commits genocide or systematic rape during war A government fails to prevent genocide or rape known to be a systematic problem in a society during peacetime A government punishes those who do not follow certain reproductive rules A religion punishes those who do not follow certain reproductive rules A government forces women to be sterilized Men in society force young women to submit to genital mutilation Women in society force young women to submit to genital mutilation

If you think we should do something, what should we do? Military force? Economic sanctions? Diplomacy? Social change and mobilization? Education? Bi-directional (do Westerners get educated as well as educate)? Are our minds open to change? For what problems do you use which of these?