Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Vision Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29: Big Ideas Vision Taste and Smell

Sensory Reception © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Taste pore Sugar molecules Sensory receptor cells Figure 29.1a-1 Taste pore Sugar molecules Taste bud 1 Sensory receptor cells Figure 29.1a-1 Sensory transduction at a taste bud (part 1) Sensory neuron

Sensory receptor cell Sweet receptor Sugar molecules (stimulus) Figure 29.1a-2 Sensory receptor cell Sweet receptor Sugar molecules (stimulus) 2 Membrane of a sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 3 Ion channels Figure 29.1a-2 Sensory transduction at a taste bud (part 2) 4 Ions

Rates of action potentials Figure 29.1a-3 Ion channels 4 Ions Receptor potential 5 Neurotransmitters Sensory neuron Action potential (to the brain) Figure 29.1a-3 Sensory transduction at a taste bud (part 3) mV No sugar Sugar present 6 Rates of action potentials

Taste pore Sugar molecules Sensory receptor cells Figure 29.1a-0 Sensory receptor cell Sweet receptor Taste pore Sugar molecules Sugar molecules (stimulus) 2 Taste bud 1 Sensory receptor cells Membrane of a sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 3 Sensory neuron Ion channels 4 Ions Receptor potential Figure 29.1a-0 Sensory transduction at a taste bud 5 Neurotransmitters Sensory neuron Action potential (to the brain) mV No sugar Sugar present 6 Rates of action potentials

“Salt” interneuron Salt Sugar “Sugar” interneuron Salt receptor cell Figure 29.1b “Salt” interneuron Salt Sugar “Sugar” interneuron Salt receptor cell Sugar receptor cell Brain Taste bud Sensory neurons Figure 29.1b Action potentials transmitting taste sensations No sugar No salt Increasing sweetness Increasing saltiness

Figure 29. 0-1 How do sea turtles sense Earth’s magnetic field Figure 29.0-1 How do sea turtles sense Earth’s magnetic field? (photo: loggerhead sea turtle hatchling in tethered harness) Figure 29.0-1 How do sea turtles sense Earth’s magnetic field? (photo: loggerhead sea turtle hatchling in tethered harness)

Beluga Pod

Cells suspended in fluid are subjected to a rotating magnetic field Figure 29.2 Cells suspended in fluid are subjected to a rotating magnetic field Rotating magnetic field A few cells spin in response to the rotating magnetic field Figure 29.2 Isolation and examination of magnetite-containing cells Microscopy suggests magnetite crystals are anchored to the plasma membrane

Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis Dendrites Dermis Nerve Figure 29.3a Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis Dendrites Dermis Figure 29.3a Sensory receptors in the human skin Nerve to brain Connective tissue Hair movement Strong pressure

Figure 29.3b Pit organ Figure 29.3b Thermoreceptor receptor organs in a snake

“Hairs” of a receptor cell Neurotransmitter at a synapse Sensory Figure 29.3c-1 “Hairs” of a receptor cell Neurotransmitter at a synapse Sensory neuron Action potentials Action potentials Figure 29.3c-1 Mechanoreception by a hair cell (part 1) 1 Receptor cell at rest

Fluid moving in one direction Figure 29.3c-2 Fluid movement More neurotransmitter molecules Figure 29.3c-2 Mechanoreception by a hair cell (part 2) 2 Fluid moving in one direction

Fluid moving in the other direction Figure 29.3c-3 Fluid movement Fewer neurotransmitter molecules Figure 29.3c-3 Mechanoreception by a hair cell (part 3) 3 Fluid moving in the other direction

Figure 29.3c-0 Mechanoreception by a hair cell “Hairs” of a receptor cell Fluid movement Fluid movement Neurotransmitter at a synapse More neurotransmitter molecules Fewer neurotransmitter molecules Sensory neuron Action potentials Action potentials Figure 29.3c-0 Mechanoreception by a hair cell 3 Fluid moving in the other direction 1 Receptor cell at rest 2 Fluid moving in one direction

Nares Lateral line Figure 29.3d Figure 29.3d Shark detecting scent and water movement to hunt

Hearing and Balance

Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Vision Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29: Big Ideas Vision Taste and Smell

Outer ear Inner ear Middle ear Figure 29.4a Outer ear Inner ear Middle ear Eardrum Figure 29.4a An overview of the human ear Pinna Auditory canal Eustachian tube

Semicircular canals (function in balance) Auditory nerve, to the brain Figure 29.4b Semicircular canals (function in balance) Auditory nerve, to the brain Oval window (behind the stirrup) Skull bones Hammer Anvil Stirrup Figure 29.4b The middle ear and the inner ear Eardrum Round window Eustachian tube (connects to the pharynx) Cochlea

Upper Bone canal Auditory nerve Middle canal Organ of Corti Lower Figure 29.4c Upper canal Bone Auditory nerve Middle canal Organ of Corti Lower canal Figure 29.4c A cross section through the cochlea

To the brain via the auditory nerve Figure 29.4d Hair cells Tectorial membrane Sensory neurons Basilar membrane Figure 29.4d The organ of Corti To the brain via the auditory nerve

Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Auditory canal Ear- drum Hammer, Figure 29.4e-1 Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Auditory canal Ear- drum Hammer, anvil, stirrup Oval window Cochlear canals Pinna Upper and middle Lower Pressure Time Amplification in the middle ear Organ of Corti stimulated Figure 29.4e-1 The route of sound wave vibrations through the ear (detail) One vibration Amplitude

Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Auditory canal Ear- drum Hammer, Figure 29.4e-0 Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Auditory canal Ear- drum Hammer, anvil, stirrup Oval window Cochlear canals Pinna Upper and middle Lower Pressure Amplification in the middle ear Organ of Corti stimulated Time Figure 29.4e-0 The route of sound wave vibrations through the ear One vibration Amplitude

Semicircular canals Nerve Cochlea Utricle Saccule Figure 29.5-1 Figure 29.5-1 Equilibrium structures in the inner ear (part 1) Utricle Saccule

Flow of fluid Flow of Cupula fluid Hairs Hair cell Nerve fibers Cupula Figure 29.5-2 Flow of fluid Flow of fluid Cupula Hairs Hair cell Nerve fibers Figure 29.5-2 Equilibrium structures in the inner ear (part 2) Cupula Direction of body movement

Semicircular canals Nerve Cochlea Utricle Saccule Flow of fluid Figure 29.5-0 Semicircular canals Nerve Cochlea Utricle Saccule Flow of fluid Flow of fluid Figure 29.5-0 Equilibrium structures in the inner ear Cupula Hairs Hair cell Nerve fibers Cupula Direction of body movement

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Eardrum Bones Organ of Corti Figure 29.UN01 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Eardrum Bones Organ of Corti Figure 29.UN01 Reviewing the concepts, 29.4

Vision

Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Vision Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29: Big Ideas Vision Taste and Smell

Eyecups Dark pigment Figure 29.7a Figure 29.7a The eyecups of a planarian

Figure 29.7b The two compound eyes of a fly, each made up of thousands of ommatidia

SEM of insect eye

Insect Vision

Sclera Choroid Retina Ligament Fovea (center of visual field) Cornea Figure 29.7c Sclera Choroid Retina Ligament Fovea (center of visual field) Cornea Iris Optic nerve Pupil Aqueous humor Figure 29.7c The single-lens eye of a vertebrate Lens Artery and vein Vitreous humor Blind spot

Ciliary muscle contracted Choroid Ligaments slacken Figure 29.8 Ciliary muscle contracted Choroid Ligaments slacken Retina Light from a near object (diverging rays) Lens Cornea Sclera Near vision (accommodation) Ciliary muscle relaxed Ligaments pull on lens Figure 29.8 How human lenses focus light Light from a distant object (parallel rays) Distance vision

Animation: Near and Distant Vision

Shape of Diverging normal eyeball corrective Focal lens point Focal Figure 29.9a Shape of normal eyeball Diverging corrective lens Focal point Lens Focal point Retina Figure 29.9a A nearsighted eye (eyeball too long)

Shape of Converging normal eyeball corrective lens Focal point Focal Figure 29.9b Shape of normal eyeball Converging corrective lens Focal point Focal point Figure 29.9b A farsighted eye (eyeball too short)

Rod Synaptic Membranous disks terminals containing visual Cell body Figure 29.10a Rod Synaptic terminals Membranous disks containing visual pigments Cell body Cone Figure 29.10a Photoreceptor cells

Retina Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Rod Cone Figure 29.10b-0 Retina Optic nerve Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Rod Cone Optic nerve fibers Figure 29.10b-0 The vision pathway from light source to optic nerve To the brain

Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Rod Cone Figure 29.10b-1 Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Rod Cone Optic nerve fibers Figure 29.10b-1 The vision pathway from light source to optic nerve (detail) To the brain

Photoreceptor Cells

Ciliary muscle contracted Choroid Ligaments slacken Figure 29.UN02 Ciliary muscle contracted Choroid Ligaments slacken Retina Light from a near object (diverging rays) Lens Cornea Sclera Figure 29.UN02 Reviewing the concepts, 29.8

Taste and Smell

Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Vision Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29 Sensory Reception Hearing and Balance Figure 29.0-2 Chapter 29: Big Ideas Vision Taste and Smell

Brain Olfactory bulb Bone Nasal cavity Epithelial cell Sensory neuron Figure 29.11 Brain Olfactory bulb Nasal cavity Bone Epithelial cell Sensory neuron (chemo- receptor) Figure 29.11 Smell in humans Odorous substance Cilia Mucus

Figure 29.12 Food preferences and supertasters

Sensory receptors Effector cells (neck muscles) HONK! Brain Sensory Figure 29.13 Sensory receptors Effector cells (neck muscles) HONK! Brain Sensory input Motor output Integration Head facing away from noise Head rotates towards noise Figure 29.13 Three interconnected functions of the nervous system

You should now be able to Describe the essential roles of sensory receptors. Explain how electromagnetic receptors help turtles and fish navigate. Define sensory transduction, receptor potential, and sensory adaptation and provide examples of each. Describe the five general categories of sensory receptors found in animals and provide examples of each. List the structures of the ear in the sequence in which they participate in hearing.

You should now be able to Explain how body position and movement are sensed in the inner ear. Explain what causes motion sickness and what can be done to prevent it. Compare the structures and functions of the eyecups of planarians, the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans, and the single-lens eyes of humans. Describe the parts of the human eye and their functions.

You should now be able to Explain the causes and symptoms of myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Compare the structures, functions, distributions, and densities of rods and cones. Explain how odor and taste receptors function. Describe the characteristics of human “supertasters.” Describe the role of the central nervous system in sensory perception.

are grouped into several types Figure 29.UN03 Sensory receptors are grouped into several types pain and thermoreceptors electromagnetic receptors (a) (b) involved in involved in many types found in sensitive to (c) (d) (e) touch, hearing, balance taste and smell human skin Figure 29.UN03 Connecting the concepts, question 1 many are those in the eye are (f) (g)

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Concept Check Receptors respond to stimuli when the stimulus changes the membrane potential of the receptor cell. This creates a receptor potential. How does a receptor potential compare to an action potential? Receptor and action potentials are the same. Receptor potentials can vary over a range, action potentials are all or none. Action potentials can vary over a range, receptor potentials are all or none. Receptor potentials are not passed by neurotransmitters, action potential signals are. Answer: b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 57

Answer Receptors respond to stimuli when the stimulus changes the membrane potential of the receptor cell. This creates a receptor potential. How does a receptor potential compare to an action potential? Receptor and action potentials are the same. Receptor potentials can vary over a range, action potentials are all or none. Action potentials can vary over a range, receptor potentials are all or none. Receptor potentials are not passed by neurotransmitters, action potential signals are. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 58

Concept Check The neurons in the retina begin the process of integrating the signals received from the photoreceptors. How do neurons integrate these signals? The information from each photoreceptor is sent directly through the retina and passed to the brain—each photoreceptor has a chain of individual neurons carrying its signal directly to the brain. Photoreceptors pass information differently than other nerve cells. They send light information on to the brain through fiber optic neurons. Neurons in the retina receive input from many other neurons—including the photoreceptors. The receiving neuron passes on the signal based on a summation of the information received. None of the above are correct. Answer: c © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 59

Answer The neurons in the retina begin the process of integrating the signals received from the photoreceptors. How do neurons integrate these signals? The information from each photoreceptor is sent directly through the retina and passed to the brain—each photoreceptor has a chain of individual neurons carrying its signal directly to the brain. Photoreceptors pass information differently than other nerve cells. They send light information on to the brain through fiber optic neurons. Neurons in the retina receive input from many other neurons—including the photoreceptors. The receiving neuron passes on the signal based on a summation of the information received. None of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 60

Concept Check Hearing loss that results in the inability to hear a specific pitch is most likely the result of which of the following? a ruptured eardrum damaged receptor cells in the cochlea stiff middle ear bones middle ear infection Answer: b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 61

Answer Hearing loss that results in the inability to hear a specific pitch is most likely the result of which of the following? a ruptured eardrum damaged receptor cells in the cochlea stiff middle ear bones middle ear infection © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 62

Thinking like a scientist This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was louder coming into the ear, how would that affect B, the amplitude? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D Answer: c © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 63

Answer This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was louder coming into the ear, how would that affect B, the amplitude? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 64

Thinking like a scientist This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was higher pitched coming into the ear, how would that affect A, the wavelength? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D Answer: a © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 65

Answer This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was higher pitched coming into the ear, how would that affect A, the wavelength? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 66

Thinking like a scientist This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was louder coming into the ear, how would that affect A, the wavelength? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D Answer: b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 67

Answer This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. If the sound was louder coming into the ear, how would that affect A, the wavelength? It would be smaller. It would be unchanged. It would be larger. A B C D © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 68

Thinking like a scientist This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. At what point in the pathway is the sound signal amplified? A B C D A B C D Answer: c © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 69

Answer This graph represents the path of sound waves as they travel through the ear. At what point in the pathway is the sound signal amplified? A B C D A B C D © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 70