SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. a. Describe solutions in terms of -solute/solvent -conductivity -concentration b. Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent. c. Demonstrate that solubility is related to temperature by constructing a solubility curve. d. Compare and contrast the components and properties of acids and bases. e. Determine whether common household substances are acidic, basic, or neutral.

Solution – a mixture of two or more substances Solutions Solution – a mixture of two or more substances

Solute Solvent The substance to be dissolved. The one doing the dissolving.

Example: Salt Water Solution: Salt Water Solute: Salt Solvent: Water

VOCAB Solubility: the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent Solubility Curve: graph that expresses solubility vs. temperature

How much NaNO3 can be dissolved at 50°C?

Factors Affecting Solubility Particle size: smaller particles are more soluble Temperature: many solids substances become more soluble as the temp of a solvent increases; however, gases are less soluble in liquids at higher temps. Agitation: Increases the solubility of the solution

VOCAB Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume of solvent

MORE VOCAB Saturated solution: any solution that contains all the solute it can hold (can no longer dissolve anymore) Unsaturated: any solution that can dissolve more solute Supersaturated: any solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution

pH Scale pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral. Pure water has a pH of 7.

Definition of pH: Concentration of hydronium ions in solution

ACIDS pH below 7 A solution with a pH of 0 is the most acidic. Excess H+ ions Strong Acid = Strong Conductor Corrosive Turn blue litmus paper red Ex. Coffee, soda, fruit, sour candies

Bases (alkalis) pH above 7 A solution with a pH of 14 is the most basic Excess OH- ions Strong base = strong conductor Slippery Turn red litmus paper blue Ex. Soap, cleaning products

Neutralization Reaction Chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react in a water solution i. Not acidic or basic so pH is 7 Equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

Flashcard VOCAB Words pH Acid Base Neutralization Reaction Solution Solute Solvent Solubility Concentration Saturated Solution Unsaturated Solution Supersaturated Solution pH Acid Base Neutralization Reaction

SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match). b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation. c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature. d. Explain the flow of energy in phase changes through the use of a phase diagram.

Types of Energy Potential Energy: Stored Kinetic Energy: Movement Chemical Energy: Chemical Bonds Electrical Energy: Charged Ions Other types: thermal (heat), light, wind, etc.

Three Examples of Energy Transformations Swing Set/Pendulum Potential to Kinetic to Potential Lighting a Match Chemical to light to heat A remote control Chemical to electrical

Thermal Energy: 3 Types Conduction: touch Convection: fluid Radiation: electromagnetic waves (ex sun)

Heat Capacity Amount of thermal energy needed to raise 1kg of that material 1°C The higher the heat capacity, the more energy needed to raise the temperature

Calculating Heat Capacity Q = mΔTC OR Q = m (Tf-Ti)C Q = Heat (Joules) m = Mass (grams or kg) T = Temperature (°C) C = Heat Capacity (J/Kg°C)

Example Problem How much heat is gained when 114.3g of water at 14.8°C is raised to 18.0°C? (Cwater =4.18 J/kg°C)

Phase Changes Gas  Liquid : Condensation Liquid  Solid : Freezing Exothermic (losing heat) Endothermic (gaining heat) Gas  Liquid : Condensation Liquid  Solid : Freezing Gas  Solid : Deposition Solid  Liquid : Melting Liquid  Gas : Vaporization Solid  Gas : Sublimation

Phase Change Graph

Flashcard VOCAB Words Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Conduction Convection Radiation Heat Capacity Melting Freezing Vaporization Deposition Sublimation Condensation Exothermic Endothermic