FDR AND NEUTRALITY To War ON THE ROAD TO WWII FDR AND NEUTRALITY To War

Locarno Pact (1925) Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Japan on the Move September, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria League of Nations ineffective against aggression, but passed a resolution condeming Japan’s actions demanding return of Manchuria to China Japan leaves League of Nations

How does this Effect the U.S. Violation of open door policy in China Secretary of State Henry Stimson refused to recognize newly claimed territory and refused Nine-power Treaty obligations What is the Nine-power Treaty (1922)?

Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932) US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier. Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

LONDON CONFERENCE 1933 Intended to alleviate global depression Ends in Chaos U.S. citizens are more convinced than ever that we should remain isolationist

Good Neighbor Policy Wanted to secure Latin America without spending any further U.S. funds – Great Depression Platt Amendment nullified 1934 U.S. retains Guantanamo Bay Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act – Tariffs reduced up to 50% - Will lead to free trade agreements after WWII

Tydings-McDuffy Act 1934 U.S. wants to divest themselves of areas accumulating debt during the depression Philippines will become sovereign nation in 1946 U.S. will keep naval bases for refueling station and end army occupation bases This leaves the Pacific open to Japanese aggression

Fascism Italy – Benito Mussolini Germany – Adolf Hitler Spain – Francisco Franco

Fascist Aggression 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT! 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

The American “Lincoln Brigade” Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) The American “Lincoln Brigade”

Japan Becomes an Imperial Power Becomes a militaristic nation with weak ruler of Hirohito General Tojo leads and increases the size of the military 1937 U.S. continues aid (arms) to China even after the Japanese invasion. This is due to nonrecognition of Japanese held territories Quarantine Speech

Panay Incident (1937) December 12, 1937. Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. The river was an international waterway. Japan was testing US resolve! Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN] Ludlow Amendment (1938) A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

Neutrality Acts 1935 – Authorized President to prohibit sale of arms and outlawed U.S. travel on ships of belligerent nations 1936 – No loans or credit to belligerent nations 1937 – Forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides in Spanish Civil War

1939 Neutrality Act In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way: The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis. FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

Churchill and Roosevelt Cash and Carry www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3AxZ09364k Lend Lease Act http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBQZ6POyYo0

Lend Lease Act U.S. will sell, exchange, or lease arms to any country whose defense appeared vital to U.S. Security Passed by Congress March, 1941 Made Great Britain the first beneficiary of massive Aid

“Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

“America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh

Shoot On Sight 1941 U.S. is transporting goods to England U.S. Consulates are closed by order of FDR U.S. ships ordered to shoot any Nazi vessels in U.S. “defensive waters” on sight

Atlantic Charter

Atlantic Charter August, 1941 Roosevelt meets secretly with Churchill off Newfoundland to map military strategy and declare “common principles” Outcome – All people have the right to live in freedom from fear, want, and tyranny Presented January, 1941 in his State of the Union Address Also called “free trade” among all nations ended territorial seizures

Pearl Harbor

A Day that will live in infamy

Europe First

Paying for the War

Office of Price Administration Anti-Inflation Act – freeze on price, salaries, and rent Ration Cards for everything

North Africa

Paying for the War U.S. spends in excess of 321 Billion National debt rose to 259 Billion Sale of War Bonds Income Tax becomes a reality for all with the Revenue Act of 1942 Payroll withholding of income taxes begins

Stalingrad

D-Day - Normandy

Operation Overlord

Liberation of Paris

Battle of the Bulge

Battle of Berlin

Yalta Conference Stalin promises free and independent elections in Poland Stalin promises to help U.S. in fight against Japan once Hitler is overthrown FDR, Churchill and Stalin divide up Germany and Berlin – it is only a question of time when Germany will fall

Island Hopping

Pacific Theater of Operations

“Tokyo Rose”

Manhattan Project Robert J Oppenheimer led the project Building of atomic bomb became crucial as war progressed Einstein refused leadership or interest in atomic energy Operated under secrecy Moved to Los Almos, New Mexico

IWO JIMA

Little Boy and Fat Man

Potsdam Conference Roosevelt dies and is replaced by Harry (give em Hell Harry) Truman, Atlee and Churchill, (awaiting outcome of general election) and Stalin meet to determine punishment for Germany Truman warns Japan to give up or “life as you know it will cease to exist.” Truman does not trust Stalin and does not tell him about atomic bomb capabilities

V-J Day