MT1 Development of Modern Political Thought France & England mostly, other parts of the world (U.S.) Range of new theories about society, government, philosophy, economics, & religion. Traditions of the past changed Painting of French Salon

MT1-LT1 The Enlightenment Thinkers Religion, tradition, superstition limited independent ideas Accept ideas based on observation, logic, reason, not on faith Scientific & academic ideas should be secular Secularism, challenges to authority, & glorification of reason Thinkers focused on society rather than spirituality, religion Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, inspires Enlightenment Scientific Method testing your ideas to prove them true

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Written work: Leviathan Major idea: Attacked the concept of divine right of kings Believed that humans were driven by passion, needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler 1st to apply rational analysis to the study of government. Talked against monarchs ruling because they had been appointed by God. believed that a ruler got power by consent of the people.

John Locke (1632–1704) Written work: Two Treatises of Government Main Idea: Natural Rights Natural rights are not always protected We are born with our rights Government is created to protect our rights (by making laws) Was against divine right People have right to life, liberty, property Citizens have the responsibility of following the laws If the government does not protect the rights of the people, the people have the right to change the government

Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) Written work: The Spirit of the Laws Main Idea: Separation of powers Government has 3 responsibilities Government should be divided so that no one person or group has all the responsibilities This gives system of checks & balances 3 branches, legislative=make laws, judicial=interpret laws, executive=enforce laws Divide power so no one person has too much

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) Written Work: The Social Contract Main Idea: Social Contract Government represents society Automatically enter contract of society Society’s general will (majority vote of the people) is law The people give up their natural freedoms (sometimes) to receive protection/help

The American Revolution Thomas Jefferson wrote Declaration of Independence “all men are created equal…with certain unalienable rights” “Life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness…” U.S. declares independence from Britain on July 4th1776 Inspired by Locke’s natural rights changes “property” part to “pursuit of happiness”

The American Revolution James Madison = Father of Constitution Government power divided into branches Constitution works, puts each branch in check Influenced by Montesquieu & his idea of separation of powers. Better than the failed Articles of Confederation, states didn’t work together, no taxes

The Marquis de Lafayette The French Revolution The American Revolution inspires the French The Third Estate protests against king Louis XVI taxes Eventually leads to overthrow of the king French supported the colonies against Britain during the American Revolution. (Marquis de Lafayette) Third Estate, majority of population demands liberty, equality, & rights. King later executed The Marquis de Lafayette

Revolution in Latin America Simon Bolivar Influenced by Locke & Rousseau Inspired by the American and French Revolutions 19th Century leader known as “The liberator of South America” Inspired by the American and French Revolutions Studied in Europe, upon returning to Venezuela joined in effort to gain independence from Spain. Organized & led military, helped Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Ecuador, & Bolivia gain independence. Continued in this effort in other countries in South America with another liberator San Martin.

MT1-LT2 Political Documents of Democracy Magna Carta (England 1215) Limits power of monarchy Part of Feudal System in England Establishes Due Process of Law King John signing Magna Carta King has less power System of King, lords/vassals, knights, peasants laws should be known, trial by jury.

English Bill of Rights (England 1689) Gives political power to Parliament England becomes Constitutional Monarchy Establishes right to Petition Elect members of Parliament Bear arms Rights of accused William & Mary after the English Bill of Rights was passed During Glorious revolution in England Establishes representative government, laws made by group that acts for the people Prevents cruel & unusual punishment, excessive fines, protest

U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) Declares colonies “free & independent states” Unalienable rights Popular sovereignty Common Sense, we should be independent from King’s unfair rules All citizens are equal before the law: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Government is ran with the approval of the people

Declaration of Rights of Man (France 1789) Inspired by American Revolution Government protects natural rights All men free & equal before the law Locke & Rousseau’s Ideas liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression All people can participate in government, free speech, religion

U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) First 10 amendments to Constitution Guarantees Rights & freedoms of citizens Limits government Due process Some states wouldn’t approve the Constitution w/out it, worried government was too powerful Similar to the English Bill of Rights Freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, assembly Rights to the accused

MT1-LT3 The French Revolution 6 Stages of the French Revolution

Ideologies of the French Revolution French vision of new order based on universal rights and legal equality: Slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death” Democratic politics & concern for the poor, representative GOV. Social Contract, common good