Level 4 Cause and Effect Essays

TASK 2: CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS   Match the causes and effects that go with the essay topics. Causes Essay Topic Effects 1) people want jobs a ) Global warming i death 2) ne ed to protect the country b Military service for men ii army is stronger 3) too many people use their cars c People moving to cities iii rising sea levels 4) burning fossil fuels d Childhood obesity iv women develop the 5) bad driving e) Traffic jams in cities v air pollution 6 playing computer games instead of sports f High levels of stress overcrowding 7 too much work to do g W omen studying at university vii rise in diabetes 8 it is free h Car accidents cannot relax

Which of these make you feel stressed? playing computer games eating ice cream chatting with your teacher visiting the dentist exams meeting new people public speaking too much homework spending time with family getting a manicure IELTS moving from high school to university

Discuss these questions with your partner. Do you feel stressed? When? Why do people feel stressed? What are some effects of stress? What can people do to reduce stress? What are some stressful periods in a person’s life? When is stress a good thing?

Stress is a major problem in many countries around the world Stress is a major problem in many countries around the world. What are some of the causes and effects of stress? INTRODUCTION 1)Mental health is as important as physical health. 2)Stress is common in modern society and it is not good for people’s mental wellbeing. It is an important issue because of its possible impact on individuals, families and societies. 3)The following essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of stress. 1) General Background - C 2) Essay Topic - A 3) Thesis - B

BODY PARAGRAPH 1 4) Topic Sentence (Causes) - H 8) 2nd Cause - F 4)To begin with, there are several causes of stress. 5)The most important one is that employers give their workers too much responsibility. 6)This is a problem because when workers cannot finish their work, they feel worried. 7)As a result, they cannot relax and they have high stress levels. 8)Another cause of stress is that people have to take care of a family member who is old or very sick. 9)For example, if people have to look after an old person all the time, they may feel like they cannot do what they want in their life. 10)Consequently, they become stressed and dissatisfied with life. 4) Topic Sentence (Causes) - H 8) 2nd Cause - F 5) 1st Cause - G 9) Example + Condition + Result - J 6) Explanation - I 10) Result - E 7) Result - D

BODY PARAGRAPH 2   11)Stress has some significant effects. 12)The main one is that it can affect people’s health. 13)For example, people who have too much stress can develop high blood pressure and heart problems. 14)Because of this, they may have to stop working, or they may even die. 15)In addition, stress results in some people taking up bad habits, such as smoking or drugs, to feel better. 16)If they develop an addiction, they may focus on it and neglect their families. Hence, their family life may suffer. 11) Topic Sentence (Effects) - M 15) 2nd Effect - K 12) 1st Effect - P 16) Condition + Result - N 13) Example - L 17) Result - O 14) Result - Q

CONCLUSION 18)In conclusion, stress has several causes and effects CONCLUSION 18)In conclusion, stress has several causes and effects. 19)Two of the main causes are overworked employees and looking after elderly or sick people in the family, while the resulting effects are problems which are health-related and developing addictions. 20)Therefore, I believe that people should find a way to reduce stress by exercising or doing things that they like. 18) Thesis again - S 19) Summary of Main Ideas - T 20) Opinion / Advice - R

Stress is a major problem in many countries around the world Stress is a major problem in many countries around the world. What are some of the causes and effects of stress? Mental health is as important as physical health. Stress is common in modern society and it is not good for people’s mental wellbeing. It is an important issue because of its possible impact on individuals, families and societies. 1)The following essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of stress.     2)To begin with, there are several causes of stress. 3)The most important one is that employers give their workers too much responsibility. This is a problem because when workers cannot finish their work, they feel worried. As a result, they cannot relax and they have high stress levels. 4)Another cause of stress 5)is that people have to take care of a family member who is old or very sick. For example, if people have to look after an old person all the time, they may feel like they cannot do what they want in their life. Consequently, they become stressed and dissatisfied with life.

Stress 6)has some significant effects Stress 6)has some significant effects. 7)The main one is that it can affect people’s health. For example, people who have too much stress can develop high blood pressure and heart problems. Because of this, they may have to stop working, or they may even die. 8)In addition, stress 9)results in some people taking up bad habits, such as smoking or drugs, to feel better. If they develop an addiction, they may focus on it and neglect their families. Consequently, their family life may suffer.   10)In conclusion, stress 11)has several causes and effects. 12)Two of the main causes are overworked employees and looking after elderly or sick people in the family, 13)while the resulting effects are problems which are health-related and developing addictions. 14)Therefore, I believe that people should find a way to reduce stress by exercising or doing things that they like.

2) To begin with, there are several causes of traffic jams in cities. Traffic jams are a major problem in many cities around the world. What are some of the causes and effects of traffic jams in cities? 1) The following essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of traffic congestion in cities. 2) To begin with, there are several causes of traffic jams in cities. 3) The most important one is that too many people use their cars at the same time. 4) Another cause of traffic jams is that there are not enough people who use public transport.

5) Traffic jams have some significant effects. 6) The main one is that they can produce air pollution. 7) In addition, traffic jams result in more accidents. 8) In conclusion, traffic jams have several causes and effects. 9) Two of the main causes are too many people using cars and not enough people using public transport, 10) while the resulting effects are air pollution and an increase in accidents. 11) Therefore, I believe that people should use public transport more and drive their own cars less.

Global Warming What is global warming? Choose one. (A) Less rain over the seas. (B) Earth getting hotter. (C) Air pollution. (D) Using oil and gas for burning.

Watch the You Tube video about global warming Watch the You Tube video about global warming. Which of the causes and effects do you hear? CAUSES EFFECTS Factories, power plants and cars burning fossil fuels Sea ice getting smaller Rising sea levels Smoking Flooding Using mobile phones Traffic jams Sun’s energy Changing weather patterns Higher petrol prices Extra greenhouse gases released by humans Trees grow faster Deserts More hurricanes Severe droughts Extinction of some animals Higher unemployment

Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today. What are some of the causes and effects of global warming? Find a word or words in each paragraph to match the meanings below. Then, decide if they are nouns, verbs or adjectives. Today, there are many environmental problems in the world. One of these is global warming, which is the gradual increase in average temperature around the world. It is an important issue because of its possible impact on people. The following essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of global warming. 1) connected to nature - environmental adj 5) regular/normal - average adj 2) connected to the world - global adj 6) serious – important adj 3) rising temperature - warming noun 7) problem/topic – issue noun 4) slow - gradual adj 8) effect – impact noun

To begin with, there are several causes of global warming To begin with, there are several causes of global warming. The most important one is that too many people burn fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, for energy. This is a problem because burning these fuels produces carbon dioxide. For example, every day billions of people use cars which burn petrol and add more carbon dioxide gas into the air. Because carbon dioxide traps heat, this leads to higher global temperatures. Another cause of global warming is that people are cutting down more and more trees. Trees remove carbon dioxide from the air, so if there are fewer trees, there may be more carbon dioxide in the air. 1) e.g. oil - fossil fuels noun 4) catches and holds – traps verb 2) power – energy noun 5) high temperature – heat noun 3) a gas, CO2 - - carbon dioxide noun 6) take away – remove verb

5) very, very bad weather – hurricanes noun Global warming has some significant effects. The main one is that sea levels are rising. This is because snow and ice in many parts of the world are melting faster and going into the sea. For instance, the ice in the North Pole is now much smaller than it used to be. If sea levels rise too much, some cities and farmland on the coast may go underwater. In addition, global warming results in stronger storms such as hurricanes and cyclones. When the sea is warmer, more water goes up into the clouds and this makes more powerful storms. Consequently, there is more heavy rain and more flooding. 1) very, very important – significant adj 5) very, very bad weather – hurricanes noun 2) amount of water in the sea - sea levels noun 6) very, very bad weather – cyclones noun 3) are turning from ice to water – are melting verb 7) strong – powerful adj 4) edge of the land and the sea – coast noun 8) too much water on the land – flooding noun

In conclusion, global warming has several causes and effects In conclusion, global warming has several causes and effects. Two of the main causes are people overusing fossil fuels and cutting down trees, while the resulting effects are sea levels rising and more dangerous storms. Therefore, I believe that people who need energy should use less fossil fuels and more solar power. 1) using something too much – overusing noun 3) unsafe – dangerous adj 2) consequent – resulting adj 4) energy from the sun - solar power noun

TASK 2 CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS VOCABULARY

TASK 2 CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS GRAMMAR Gerunds (~ing forms)

Subjects and Verbs Overusing water is becoming a serious problem in many countries. Subject (Gerund) Verb (Present Continuous) Flooding in wadis is a big problem when it rains. Trapping heat in the air makes the Earth warmer. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide. Global warming will cause major problems for our children and grandchildren. Driving too fast is dangerous. Subject (Gerund) Verb Subject (Gerund) Verb Subject (Gerund) Verb Subject (Gerund) Verb Subject (Gerund) Verb

Grammar - Gerunds (-ing) A gerund is a noun. It can be in the subject or object of a sentence. It can be one word or in a group of words. To make a gerund, use verb-ing. It may look like a verb, but it is a noun! Smoking causes cancer. Subject Object Doctors don’t recommend pregnant women smoking. Subject Object Gerund as subject. Gerund is one word. Gerund as object. Gerund in a group of words.

Grammar - Gerunds (-ing) One of these is global warming, which is ………… The following essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of global warming. To begin with, there are several causes of global warming. Object Gerund Object Gerund Object Gerund

Global warming has some significant effects. Another cause of global warming is that people are cutting down more and more trees. Global warming has some significant effects. In addition, global warming results in stronger storms such as hurricanes and cyclones. In conclusion, global warming has several causes and effect Subject Gerund Subject Gerund Subject Gerund Subject Gerund