Pre-Columbian Civilizations

Today’s Announcements: Vocabulary due NOW Take out Exploration Packet

Mayan: 300-900 Aztec: 1200-1521 Incan: 1400-1535

Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (600 AD) Mayan Achievements Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (600 AD)

Tikal: Temple of the Masks

Tenochtitlan ~ Wall of Skulls

Aztec Chinampas ~ “Floating Gardens”

Machu Picchu

Voyages of Marco Polo

Background: Asian goods flow to Europe Crusades/Mongol Empire Polo’s tales of Asian wealth fascinate Europeans (breakup of Mongol Empire disrupt trade) As European population increases, demand increases Recovery from Black Death Spices DESIRED (flavor, preserve, medicine, perfume) – from East

Age of Exploration Global History

Do Now: Why would nations want to explore other nations?

Motives for Exploration Demand (new goods) Easy/Cheaper Access Power/Status Wealth (profit/take over lands) Renaissance Spirit of Inquiry Desire to learn about lands outside of Europe; New goods (spices!) Missionary work (Catholic Reformation) Desire to win converts to Christianity

Muslim/Italian merchants control trade b/w Europe & Asia (1400’s) Portugal/Spain desire new route to Asia that bypasses Mediterranean Sea Muslim/Italian merchants control trade b/w Europe & Asia (1400’s) Europeans want to cut out the “middle man” Direct access to riches of Asia; cheaper goods

1492 Columbus convinces King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella (Spain) to finance his enterprise of the “Indies”

(1492) Spanish finance voyage because: anxious to spread Christianity (Counter-Reformation) Muslims/Jews driven out of Spain new sources of wealth Columbus’ plan → sail west No idea that North/South America lay in his path!!

Convinced he reached islands off coast of East Asia Called people “Indians” (Caribbean Islands = West Indies)

Europeans realize Columbus found route to unknown continent Interest in Americas sparked throughout Europe SPAIN & PORTUGAL DIVIDE NON-EUROPEAN WORLD INTO TWO ZONES FOR THEIR ACCESS (1494)

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs What happened during this exchange? vs. Cortés Montezuma

“Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians, who love and promote the holy Christian faith, and are enemies of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all heresy, determined to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the above-mentioned countries of India, to see the said princes, people, and territories, and to learn their disposition and the proper method of converting them to our holy faith; and furthermore directed that I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in which direction we have no certain evidence that any one has gone.” Questions: Why was Columbus writing? How does he try to persuade the King to fulfill his request?

Why were the conquistadores so victorious? #1

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JUST A SIDENOTE…

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“Remaking the Americas” Hernan Cortes attacks Aztecs Francisco Pizzaro attacks Incas Question: What other countries colonized the Americas?

“Remaking the Americas” Do Now: How were natives affected by colonization? Politically: a. Council of the Indies b. Viceroys Socially: Forced to accept Christianity Encomienda System: Enslavement New social structure Disease: decline of Native population (Caribbean, 90%) Spanish language Economically: Stripped of natural resources Forced to export resources to colony; forced to import only from colony – ***mercantilism***

Mercantilist Policies: Colonists export raw materials ONLY to mother country Colonies may ONLY buy goods from mother country Colonies exist ONLY to benefit mother country

If you were living in a colony of the Spanish Empire, what might your ethnic make-up be?

What is a colony? What is the purpose of a colony? What benefits, if any, do colonists receive? How would a king maintain control of his colonies? Why?

Making $... Sugar = profitable resource in West Indies grown on plantations (large estates) Finding large # of laborers = problem Monarchs grant conquistadors encomiendas (grant of indigenous labor) Right to demand labor/tribute from Natives System used to enslave Natives Starvation/cruel treatment if you resist

Bartolome de las Casas What were his ideas? Priest Condemns encomienda system Urges colonists to import workers from Africa to fill labor shortage Settlers import millions of Africans (1502) New social class system emerges – based on descent

Atlantic Slave Trade

“Triangular Trade”

What else can we add to this diagram? Do Now: List 3 effects of the Columbian Exchange! What else can we add to this diagram?

Impact of Colombian Exchange: Migration (people/ideas) – From Old World to New World a. Cultural Exchange 2. Population Increase a. varied diet; new food crops 3. Decline of Native population 4. The Commercial Revolution: Beginning of capitalism a. economic system where people enter business to make a profit (market economy); Entrepreneurs: people that enter into new business ventures (and take on the risks!) demand for new goods prices increase (scarcity) increased $ in circulation = INFLATION

Coffin Position ~ Below Deck

Do Now: What would cause colonial people of Latin America to revolt? Refer back to colonial life pre-1700’s & post-1700’s!

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony! Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers

Yo soy un hombre sincero De donde crece la palma Y antes de morirme quiero Echar mis versos del alma Guantanamera, guajira, Guantanamera Mi verso es de un verde claro Y de un carmín encendido Mi verso es de un ciervo herido Que busca en el monte amparo Guantanamera, guajira, Guantanamera This third verse was never part of the song, Guantanamera, but was written in "Versos Sencillos" Cultivo una rosa blanca En julio como en enero Para el amigo sincero Que me da su mano franca Guantanamera, guajira Guantanamera I am a sincere man From where the palm tree grows And before dying I want To share the verses of my soul. My verse is light green And it is flaming crimson My verse is a wounded deer Who seeks refuge on the mountain (or in the woods). I cultivate a white rose In July as in January For the sincere friend Who gives me his honest hand. And for the cruel one who would tear out this heart with which I live I do not cultivate nettles nor thistles I cultivate a white rose With the poor people of the earth I want to share my fate The brook of the mountains Gives me more pleasure than the sea

“I will never allow my hands to be idle or my soul to rest, until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain!” “Americans today, and perhaps to a greater extent than ever before, who live within the Spanish system, occupy a position in society no better than the serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers…” ~ Simon Bolivar, 1815

POLITICAL INSTABILITY Do Now: What problems/issues would the newly freed nations of Latin America face? Why? Latin America ~ Post-Independence PROBLEMS History of democracy? Who is going to rule? Caudillos – local men w/power (“strongmen”); created armies - dictatorships Influence of Catholic Church; landowners Civil War/Revolts POLITICAL INSTABILITY

European Colonization Increased power in Church & Military Unequal distribution of wealth Latin American Independence Political Instability Lack of INVESTMENT POVERTY Lack of CAPITAL for development! Inability to pay foreign debt