Introduction to Sociology Henry Tischler 9th Edition

Sociological Perspective Main goal is to understand social situations Look for repeating patterns in society Main focus is the group not the individual Broaden your perspective on the world

Sociological Perspective It is the process of looking at all types of human behavior patterns and discerning previously unseen connections among them. C Wright Mills – the relationship between individual experiences and forces in the larger society that shape our actions.

Sociological Perspective Personal troubles vs. Public Issues Unemployment 100,000 and 1 man is unemployed – trouble 50 million employees and 15 million are unemployed –issue Marriage Marriage problems between spouses - trouble Divorce rate during first 4 years is 250 out of 1,000 - issue

Industrial Revolution 1712 Gabriel Fahrenheit – patents atmospheric steam engine 1769 James Watts –invents improved steam engine 1775 Jacques Perrier invents steamship 1791 John Barber invents gas turbine 1858 Jean Lenior – internal combustion engine 1876 Nicolaus A Otto-4 stroke internal combustion engine

Industrial Revolution 1776 – Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations Sociologists – Europe Auguste’ Comte – 1789-1857 Karl Marx 1818-1859 Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 (Social Darwinism) Emile Durkheim 1858-1917 Max Weber 1864-1920

Beginnings of Sociology America University of Kansas 1890 University of Chicago 1892 Atlanta University (all –black college) 1897 Jane Adams-Hull House-Nobel Peace Price G.Herbert Mead W.E.B.Du Bois C. Wright Mills

Structural-Functionism Approach A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together . Social structure – any relatively stable pattern of social behavior. Social institutions – subsystem created to meet societies needs Functions - body Manifest functions – intended functions Latent functions – unintended functions Dysfunctions – negative disruptive elements

S-F Approach Manifest functions – Family (pg 349) Latent functions Socialization Regulation of sexual activity Social placement Latent functions Love Dysfunctions Family violence, divorce

Social-Conflict Approach Marx – a frame work for building theory that sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change. focus on social pattern that benefits some people while hurting others Highlights how factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender and age are linked to inequality.

Symbolic -Interactionism A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. Focus on how people shape their “reality” through their perceptions of what is going on around them. Tattoos Dating

Socialization Chapter 3 Sociology 200 Socialization Chapter 3

Jean Piaget Cognitive development Sensorimotor Stage – individuals experience their world through their senses Preoperational Stage – level where individuals first use language and other symbols. Cannot judge weight, size, or volume.

Jean Piaget Concrete Operational Stage – development level where individuals first perceive casual connections in their surroundings. Example of “birthday” and date Formal Operation Stage – level of development where individuals think abstractly and critically. Example of metaphors

Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Reasoning – Piagets Sensorimotor stage = Preconventional level of moral development. i.e. “rightness” amounts to “what feels good to me.” Piagets Formal Stage = Conventional stage where young adults shed their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms. Post conventional stage – individuals move past society’s norms to consider abstract ethical concerns.

George Herbert Mead Self - that part of an individuals personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Self develops only with social experience. Interactions with others vs. isolation Social experience is the exchange of symbols. Humans find meaning in action by imagining people’s underlying actions. To understand intention you must imagine a situation from the other’s point of view –Taking the Role of the Other.

George Herbert Mead Taking the Role of the Other Significant Others – Parents or Caretakers Imitation – children mimic behavior without understanding the intention. Infants Play - self emerges when children start assuming the roles of their parents/caretakers. Imagine the world form the parents view of view. Generalized Others – society Games – child starts to learn the widespread norms and values Baseball

Charles Horton Cooley Looking Glass Self – a self-image how we think others see us. Child has an image of their self (loveable) Child reflects the image onto society (like a “mirror”) Society may reflect a different view Child will then review their ‘self-worth” base on what society sees.

Eric H. Erikson 8 Stages of Development-Challenges Stage 1- Infancy; Trust vs. Mistrust Stage 2- Toddler; Autonomy vs. doubt/shame Stage 3- Pre-school; Initiative vs. guilt Stage 4- Pre-adolescence; Industriousness vs. inferiority Stage 5- Adolescence; Gaining identity vs. confusion Stage 6- Young Adulthood; Intimacy vs. isolation Stage 7-Middle hood; Making a difference vs. self-absorption Stage 8- Old age; Integrity vs. despair

Agents of Socialization Family School Mass media Peers

Socialization Resocialization - radically changing a person’s personality by carefully controlling the environment around them. Total institutions – a setting where people are isolated from the rest of society and are manipulated by an administrative staff. Breakdown Rebuild