Advanced Placement Psychology Famous Psychologists Advanced Placement Psychology

Willhelm Wundt Introspection- Psychology & the study of conscious experience Father of Psychology University of Leipzig

Mary Whiton Calkins First woman president of the APA. Denied a Ph.D. from Harvard for being female.

Freud Superego Id Ego Defense Mechanisms Deny/distort reality Act unconsciously

Freud http://www.discunlimited.com/images/company_assets/512f1c7f-0d64-4a5e-9d91-785dc064755f/Image/Research/FreudsIcebergModel.bmp

Freud Id – pleasure principle - innate Ego – reality principle - learned Superego – “conscience” - learned If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms Psychoanalysis dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations reveal unconscious

Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning UCS elicits a UCR Dogs Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork UCS, UCR, CS, CR

John Watson Founder of behaviorism Little Albert study Rosalie Rayner (his graduate student and later his wife) Conditioning fear

Alfred Adler Neo-Freudian Superiority complex Inferiority complex Sibling rivalry Birth order

Adler motivating force is sense of inferiority People strive for perfection People try to overcome with compensation Striving towards perfection or superiority Compensation can be too great (overcompensation – superiority complex) Birth Order can influence personality

Karen Horney NeoFreudian that believed that there was an inner conflict but did not agree with the penis envy and women having less of an ability to suppress their urges.

Carl Jung People have conscious & unconscious awareness Archetypes Collective Unconscious

Gordon Allport Cardinal Traits (dominant personality characteristic) Central Traits Secondary Traits PERSONALITY theorist

B.F. Skinner Behaviorism Skinner Box Operant Conditioning

E.L. Thorndike Law of Effect Behaviorist

Edward Thordike Famous for his Law of Effect. The Law of Effect states that a) Responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; and b) Responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened. Created the Puzzle Box for cats to prove his theory.

Sigmund Freud Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage (0-1 year) Anal Stage (1-3 years) Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years) Latency Period (5/6 – puberty) Genital Stage (puberty – maturity) The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life

Harry Harlow UW Madison Rhesus monkeys Attachment is not = to food, comfort and warmth and love is important, too!

Konrad Lorenz Discovered the principle of imprinting. Studied instinctive behavior in animals

Jean Piaget Cognitive Development of children Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

Erik Erikson

Albert Bandura Observational learning, or modeling

Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Observational Learning Social-Cognitive Perspective of personality

Mary Ainsworth Secure attachment- stable and positive Anxious-Ambivalent- desire to be with a parent and some resistance to being reunited Avoidant- tendency to avoid reunion with parent

Lawrence Kohlberg Studied moral development in men Preconventional- Stage 1: punishment orientation Stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation Conventional- Stage 3: Good boy/ good girl orientation Stage 4: Authority orientation Postconventional- Stage 5: social-contract orientation Stage 6: Morality of individual principles

Kohlberg LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION Pre-conventional 1 Obedience and Punishment 2 Individualism Conventional 3 Good boy/girl 4 Law and Order Post-conventional 5 Social Contract 6 Principled Conscience

Diana Baumrind Parenting styles Negligent (uninvolved) Permissive (unrestraining) Authoritarian (Coercive) Authoritative (confrontive)

Carol Gilligan Moral reasoning in girls. Nurturing and caring part of a girl’s DNA – should count in moral reasoning. Dislikes Kohlberg’s Morality Stages.

James-Lange Theory (Emotions) William James & Carl Lange States that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Cannon-Bard theory (Emotins) Walter Cannon & Philip Bard Theory that we experience emotions and physiologically react simultaneously.

Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapist Focuses on altering a client’s irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions.

Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Lower level needs dominate higher level needs Goal is to be self- actualized

Carl Rogers Humanist Personal growth Empathy, acceptance, understanding Unconditional Positive Regard

Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness Positive Psychology

Alfred Binet First IQ test Intelligence Quotient

Lewis Terman Revised IQ test for American children and standardized norms for American kids.

Charles Spearman g= general ability Mental talents are highly correlated Intelligence is NOT multiple….

Howard Gardner Theory of multiple intelligences Practical intelligence Emotional intelligence Natural intelligence Analytical intelligence Etc….

David Weschler WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test for Adults Intelligence test for adults (S-B test is not good in assessing adult intelligence)

Robert Sternberg Tricarchic theory of intelligence Academic problem solving Practical intelligence Creative intelligence

Noam Chomsky Language Cognitive Perspective Humans have an inborn native ability to develop language.

Phineas Gage Brain is involved with emotions & behavior & personality Frontal Lobe

Paul Broca Discovered that the production of language has been linked to the Broca’s area (obviously named after his discovery of this particular area)

Carl Wernicke Part of the cerebral cortex that is important for understanding of written and spoken language. Named after Carl Wernicke

Herman Rorschach Projective test Ink blots

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross DABDA – Stages of Death & Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Elizabeth Loftus Memory False memories of childhood traumas Repression of threatening childhood memories

Stanley Milgram Obedience Shocks How far will people obey authority figures?

Phillip Zimbardo Stanford Prison Study Power of social roles and behavior “The Lucifer Effect”

Solomon Asch Conformity Social Influence (peer pressure) Gestalt Psychology: whole is greater than the sum of its parts