Studies energy changes and the direction of flow of energy

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Presentation transcript:

Studies energy changes and the direction of flow of energy Thermodynamics Studies energy changes and the direction of flow of energy Definitions: System: part of the universe in which we are interested Surroundings: where we make our observations (the universe) Boundary: separates above two

Heat and Work Heat: transfer of energy that changes motions of atoms in the surroundings in a chaotic manner Work: transfer of energy that changes motions of atoms in the surroundings in a uniform manner

U is a STATE FUNCTION (independent of path) Energy Definition: the capacity to do WORK Work done on a system - system gains energy (w +ve) Work done by the system - system loses energy (w -ve) Heat absorbed by the system (endothermic) - system gains energy (q +ve) Heat released by the system (exothermic) - system loses energy (q +ve) TOTAL ENERGY of a system = INTERNAL ENERGY (U) Usually measure CHANGE in internal energy ( U ) U=Ufinal – Uinitial U is a STATE FUNCTION (independent of path)

1st LAW Internal energy of an isolated system is constant (energy can neither be created nor destroyed) U=q+w Pressure-Volume work Against constant external pressure w= -F.dz but Pex=F/A therefore w= -Pex.dV Free expansion w= 0

Reversible Expansion Can be reversed by an infinitesimal modification of the pressure: yields maximum work

Calorimetry Can measure internal energy changes in a “bomb” calorimeter U=q-P V, but in a constant volume “bomb”, V=0 Thus U=q

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