Science Review for CRCT

Ecology Unit

What are the levels of Ecological organization from smallest to largest?

Organism Population Community Ecosystem

Organism

One member of one species

Population

All the members of a species in an area Ex: all the people in this room

Community

All the members of all species in an area Ex: all the people, bacteria, insects in the room

Ecosystem

All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area Ex: people, bacteria, insects, light, temperate, water, desks, and humidity in this room

Autotroph

An organism that can make its own food

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Mutualism

A type of symbiosis where BOTH organisms benefit Ex:

Commensalism

A type of symbiosis where ONE organism benefits and ONE organism is neither harmed or helped Ex:

Parasitism

A type of symbiosis where ONE organism BENEFITS and ONE is HARMED Ex:

Parasite and host

Parasite: The organism in parasitism that benefits Host: the organism in parasitism that is harmed

Predation

A relationship where one organism hunts and KILLS another

Predator and prey

Predator: the organism in predation that KILLS Prey: the organism in predation that IS KILLED

Competition

Where 2 or more organisms struggle for a common resource (food, water, shelter, etc.)

Food chain

A series of events hows the flow of energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem Sun flower rabbit bobcat

Food Web

Several food chains interconnected together

Heterotroph

An organism that CANNOT produce its own food

Get ready for……..

Biomes

Describe a tropical rainforest

Close to the equator Warm temperatures that don’t vary much (20-25 C) LOTS of rain (200-1000 cm/yr) LOTS of plant and animal species

Describe a desert

Large temperature shifts from day to night (-4 to 38 C) LESS than 25 cm of rain a year Organisms are adapted to little rainfall

Describe a Savannah

Temperatures are more comfortable than a desert 25-about 100 cm of rainfall Rich soil (grasses, shrubs, and small trees)

Describe a Temperate Forest

Seasons with temperature changes (-30 to 30 C) 50 – 150 cm of rain a year Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves in winter)

Describe a Taiga

Colder than a temperate forest (with very cold, often snowy winters and warm, rainy summers) Coniferous trees (trees that have needles and keep them in winter)

Describe a tundra

Largest and most northern biome Extremely cold and dry (-40 to 18 C) Permafrost- frozen soil LITTLE rainfall (less than 25 cm/yr Plant species are short and low to the ground

Describe a freshwater biome

Includes ponds, lakes, rivers, swamps, marsh, and streams Vary in location around the world, but most larger lakes are in North America

Describe the marine biome

Oceans Temperature, rainfall, and species will depend on ocean and location in it.

Describe estuaries

Areas of shallow sunlight water around the world Nutrient rich soil Supports lots of diverse species

Ready for…….

Cells

Passive Transport

A type of movement across a cell membrane the requires LITTLE or NO ENERGY From an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration

Diffusion

Movement of MOLECULES requiring little or no energy

Osmosis

The movement of WATER requiring little or no energy

Active Transport

A type of movement across a cell membrane the requires A LOT of ENERGY From an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration

Engulfing

A form of active transport where the cell membrane BENDS and SUROUNDS a particle and forms a vacuole around it.

Transport Protein

A form of active transport where a protein PICKS UP and CARRIES a material across a cell membrane

Selectively Permeable

The term which refers to a cell membrane’s ability to determine what can enter or leave a cell

Photosynthesis

The process by which a plant cell captures sunlight to produce glucose

Formula for Photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2

Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ENERGY

Equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Stages of mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain CARBON Ex: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that DO NOT contain CARBON Ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide (the exception to the rule)

Cell membrane

The organelle that surrounds the cell and determines what can enter and leave the cell (selectively permeable) Memory device: Door

Nucleus

The control center of the cell. Controls other cell functions The control center of the cell. Controls other cell functions. Also contains the DNA Memory device: Brain ***Not found in bacteria cells***

Mitochondria

Produces energy for the cell. The “powerhouse” of the cell Memory device: Muscles

Cytoplasm

The gel-like liquid which holds most of the cell organelles Memory device: jello

Chloroplast

The GREEN organelle found in plant cells that captures the sunlight to produce glucose for the cell. Memory device: solar panels

Get ready for…….

Human Body Systems

Which systems work together for HOMEOSTASIS?

Nervous Excretory Integumentary (skin)

Which systems work together for EXCRETING WASTES?

Excretory Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Integumentary

Which systems work together for MOVING/RUNNING?

Muscular Skeletal Nervous Respiratory Circulatory

Which systems work together for FIGHTING PATHOGENS?

Immune Lymphatic Circulatory

Which systems work together for SENDING SIGNALS?

Nervous Endocrine Circulatory

Which systems work together for EXCHANGE OF 02 AND CO2 ?

Respiratory Circulatory

Which systems work together for TAKING FOOD/NUTRIENTS TO CELLS?

Digestive Circulatory

Which systems work together for MAKING OFFSPRING?

Reproductive Endocrine

Get ready for…….

Genetics

Allele

Half of a gene and codes for a specific trait Ex: T, r, e, B

Gene

Two alleles paired together to code for a trait Ex: EE, Hh, uu, YY

Chromosome

1000’s of genes together coding for many traits ***Humans have 46 total***

Homozygous

Having the SAME alleles for a trait Ex: KK, dd, AA

Heterozygous

Having DIFFERENT alleles for a trait Ex: Ww, Ss, Mm

Purebred

An organism that always produces offspring with the SAME TRAITS as it.

Hybrid

An organism that has different alleles for a trait

Genotype

An organism’s genetic make up Ex: TT, Rr, dd

Phenotype

An organism’s physical characteristics Ex: hair color, eye color, skin color, height, number of toes

Trait

Physical characteristics of an organism

Selective Breeding

The process of determining which traits are passed on from parent to offspring Two types: hybridization and inbreeding

Asexual Reproduction

One parent passing on its genetic information directly

Which kinds of organisms reproduce asexually?

ALL bacteria (Binary fission) Protists Plants and fungi can

Sexual Reproduction

Having 2 parents pass on HALF of their genetic material to offspring

Which organisms reproduce sexually?

Almost all Animals do Plants usually do Bacteria (conjugation) Protists and fungi can

Get ready for…….

Evolution

Evolution

The gradual change in a species over time

Natural selection

The process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Survival of the fitest

Mimicry

Where one organism looks like another organism for the goal of surviving

Camoflauge

When an organism attempts to blend into the environment for the goal of surviving in the environment

Venom

Poison produced by some predators for the purpose of capturing prey

Fossil

The preserved remains of organisms in the past

Sedimentary Rock

The form of rock in which most fossils are found

2 types of evolution

Gradualism Punctuated equilibria

Gradualism

When evolution occurs SLOWLY over a LONG PERIOD of time

Punctuated equilibria

When evolution occurs RAPIDLY in SHORT BURSTS

Get ready for ……..

Classification

Name the 6 kingdoms from simplist to most complex

Archebacteria Eubacteria Protist Fungi Plantea (plants) Animalia (animals)

Name the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

THE END : )