J. F. Bailey, A. J. Fields, E. Liebenberg, J. A. Mattison, J. C

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Comparison of vertebral and intervertebral disc lesions in aging humans and rhesus monkeys J.F. Bailey, A.J. Fields, E. Liebenberg, J.A. Mattison, J.C. Lotz, P.A. Kramer Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 7, Pages 980-985 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.027 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A through D are lateral radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine from an individual rhesus monkey used in this study. Radiographs span 10 years and depict increasing osteophytosis and disc space narrowing with age. Note, rhesus monkeys typically have seven lumbar vertebrae. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 980-985DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.027) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 In the left column, Thompson grades are defined based on anatomical changes in the NP, AF, endplate (EP; mainly cartilage, but includes changes to adjacent subchondral bone), and adjacent VB. Examples of various grades from specimens analyzed in this study are depicted via gross anatomy images and histology sections. Histology sections in figure are stained with Mallory–Heidenhain. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 980-985DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.027) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Mid-sagittal histological sections of human discs depicting histopathologies that coincide with disc degeneration. Both discs are Thompson grade 4 and from the same spine, the top image (A) is L4–L5 and the bottom image (B) is L5–S1. See Table I for definitions of labeled histopathologies. Note, the centrally-located lesion through the upper endplate in 3A labeled CL is a general endplate defect and is not by definition, a RL. It differs from a RL in its central location, adjacent to the nucleus pulposus. Histology sections in figure are stained with Mallory–Heidenhain. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 980-985DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.027) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 A & C are examples of disc spaces on radiographs of separate rhesus monkeys and B & D show the same disc spaces via histology. B shows a cluster of sclerotic depressions (SD) at the center of the endplate. D on the other hand, shows a bridged osteophyte (OST) that is visible via radiograph, but could promote a “healthier” radiographic assessment of disc space narrowing because it holds the disc space apart – while via histology we see that the disc is degenerated. Histology sections in figure are stained with Mallory–Heidenhain. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 980-985DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.027) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions