Global Climates and Biomes

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
GLOBAL CLIMATES & BIOMES
Advertisements

Biomes. The axis of rotation is angled – the latitude that receives the most direct sunlight plus the most hours of sunlight changes throughout.
Climate. Ozone Hole over Antarctica Ban on fluorocarbons began 1979.
Solar Energy, the Atmosphere and Biomes
Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and direction,
Warm-Up What is the Coriolis Effect? How does it affect air currents on Earth? What causes the seasons? (Why is it hot in the summer and cold in the.
Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION BIOSPHERE BIOME ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS TISSUE CELL MOLECULE ATOM SUBATOMICAL PARTICLES BIOSPHERE.
Earth's Atmosphere Troposphere- the layer closest to Earth's surface extending roughly 16 km (10 miles) above Earth. Densest – N, O, & water vapor Stratosphere-
Introduction to Ecology Chapter 52. Climate ► …is the average long-term weather of an area; varies with differing amounts of solar energy received by.
Aquatic biomes are categorized by: Salinity Freshwater Saltwater (marine) Depth Water flow.
Global Climates and Biomes. Weather v. Climate Weather a. short-term conditions b. temperature, humidity, precipitation Climate a. average weather that.
Global Climates and Biomes
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes.  Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area  Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,
Do Now: Analyze the following images
Global Climates and Biomes
Atmosphere and Climate. Atmosphere Thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth Composed of: –Nitrogen –Oxygen –Water vapor –Argon –Carbon dioxide –Neon.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Describe the Case Study: Floods, Droughts, and Famines of Western and Northeastern Kenya.
APES 10/23 and 24 No Warm-Up today
Geography - Chapter 3 CLIMATE Coach Harris. 1.God designed 3 main systems to distribute heat over the earth: seasons, winds, and ocean currents. 2.Some.
Chapter 4 Climate and Biomes. Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate  Weather- the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area. These.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP ®, second edition ©2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP ® is a trademark.
Chapter 4 Highlights Global Climates and Biomes Denise Thompson 2014 AP Environmental Science.
Aquatic Ecosystems. Occupy largest part of biosphere Two major categories: Freshwater Marine.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate Weather- the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate Weather- the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area.
Global Climates and Biomes
Global Climates and Biomes
Aquatic Life Zones Aquatic biomes are categorized by: Salinity Depth
The Biosphere Chapter 48. Levels Climate and Weather Weather = - Climate = - Regions climate is defined by year-after-year patterns of temperature and.
DAY ONE Chapter 13 Atmosphere and Climate Change Section 1: Climate and Climate Change.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP ®, second edition ©2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP ® is a trademark.
Objective Compare and contrast weather and climate. List and describe factors that influence them and analyze their impact.
Environmental Sciences Course Air Pollution and Climate Change
Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems
Global Climates and Biomes
Global Climates and biomes
Global Processes, Climate, Biomes and Land Use
Global Climates and Biomes
1. Climate Climate is the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. Climate is determined by a variety of factors that include.
Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems
Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes
Global Climates and Biomes (Terrestrial)
Chapter 4 Review Quiz What are the five processes that determine climate? A)Unequal heating of the Earth by the Sun. Albedo Variation in Sun’s angle: more.
What Causes Different Climates?
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Unit V: Global Processes-Climate and Land Use
Weather vs. Climate Weather- short-term conditions of atmosphere in local area. (Temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed, & atmospheric.
Climate & Terrestrial Biodiversity
Climate and Ecosystems
Biomes What factors determine biomes?.
KEY CONCEPT The biosphere is one of Earth’s four interconnected systems.
Global Climates and Biomes
Global Climates & Biomes
Earth’s Atmosphere.
Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate
Module 10 Air Currents After reading this module you should be able to
Module 13 Aquatic Biomes After reading this module you should be able to Identify the major freshwater biomes. Identify the major marine biomes.
Warm-up 22SEP2014 What are the two factors that make up climate?
Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems
Aquatic Biomes are Categorized by Salinity, Depth, and Water Flow
Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Aquatic Ecosystems.
Lesson /12/17 SWBAT explain how energy flow in the atmosphere affects weather Do Now: Pollination by native insects is considered an ecosystem.
Global Climates and Biomes
Global Climates and Biomes
Chapter 4: Global Climates and Biomes
Air, Weather, and Climate
Presentation transcript:

Global Climates and Biomes Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes

Floods, Droughts and Famines Western Kenya - April 2003 – heavy rains Flooded villages, roads, bridges Results… People could not recover or start rebuilding In northern Kenya – drought resulting from lack of summer rain Rains did not come until 2006 What happened?? Global processes drive rainfall patterns Not understood why the rain clouds did move northward in 2003

Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate Include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure Cannot predict weather more than a few days Climate

Earth's Atmosphere 5 layers of gases Troposphere- the layer closest to surface extending roughly 16 km above Earth Stratosphere- above the troposphere, this extends from roughly 16 to 50 km Ozone layer Mesosphere - temperature decreases with altitude Thermosphere - Aurora Exosphere - Outermost layer

Unequal Heating of Earth As the Sun's energy passes through the atmosphere and strikes land and water, it unequally warms the surface of Earth – WHY? The variation in angle at which the Sun's rays strike The amount of surface area over which the Sun's rays are distributed Some areas of Earth reflect more solar energy than others (albedo)

Unequal Heating of Earth: Variation in angle at which the Sun's rays strike

Unequal Heating of Earth: The amount of surface area over which the Sun's rays are distributed

Unequal Heating of Earth: Albedo

Atmospheric Convection Currents Air has four properties that determines its movement: Density- Water vapor capacity- warm air has a higher capacity for water vapor than cold air Saturation point Adiabatic cooling- Adiabatic heating Latent heat release- when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released

Formation of Convection Currents Atmospheric convection currents are global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth Read through explanation on pages 91-92 for more detail Hadley cells-

Formation of Convection Currents Intertropical convergence (ITCZ) - the area of Earth that receives the most intense sunlight Polar cells- 3rd area of air circulation – does not form distinct convection cell

Earth's Rotation and the Coriolis Effect Earth’s rotation has important influence on climate The surface moves much _______________________ at the equator than in mid-latitude and polar regions

Earth's Rotation and the Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect- the deflection of an object's path due to Earth's rotation.

Earth's Rotation and the Coriolis Effect The prevailing winds are produced by a combination of atmospheric convection currents and the Coriolis effect Trade winds Westerlies Easterlies

Earth's Tilt and the Seasons Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.5˚ Earth’s orbit therefore causes most regions to experience seasonal changes

Earth’s Seasons

Ocean Currents Ocean currents are driven by a combination of: Warm water, like warm air, expands and rises. Gyres- the large-scale patterns of water circulation Redistribute heat in the ocean

Upwelling Upwelling- as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away Important!

Oceanic Circulation

Thermohaline Circulation Thermohaline circulation- oceanic circulation that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water Takes hundreds of years to complete

Heat Transport Ocean currents can affect the temperature of nearby landmasses Concern about global warming

El Nino-Southern Oscillation Interaction of the Earth's atmosphere and ocean cause surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean to reverse direction Occurs every 3 to 7 years Video to check out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCsMmajLYG4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FVZrw7bk1w (start ~0:50)

El Nino-Southern Oscillation

La nina

Rain Shadows Rain shadow – warm, dry air on leeward side of mountain, formed via: Adiabatic cooling and heating

Variations in Climate Determine the Dominant Plant Growth Forms of Terrestrial Biomes Climate affects the distribution of species Biomes- areas possessing similar temperature and precipitation patterns Therefore contain similar producer species

Location of World’s Biomes

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Temperate Rainforest

Temperate Seasonal Forest

Woodland/Shrubland

Temperate Grassland/ Cold Desert

Tropical Rainforest

Tropical Seasonal Forest/Savanna

Subtropical Desert

Aquatic Biomes are Categorized by Salinity, Depth, and Water Flow Salinity – amount of salt dissolved in water Temperature still important… 2 broad categories: Freshwater Marine

Freshwater Ecosystems

Streams and Rivers Flowing fresh water Originates from underground springs or as runoff from rain or melting snow. Streams (creeks) - narrow and carry relatively small amounts of water Rivers - wider and carry larger amounts of water Water flow affects biological communities Rapids – stretches of turbulent water in streams and rivers

Lakes and Ponds Standing water Lakes are larger than ponds Distinct zones: Littoral zone – shallow area of soil and water near shore Limnetic zone – open water, as deep as light can penetrate Profundal zone – deep under the limnetic zone where light can no longer reach Benthic zone – muddy bottom of lake or pond

Lakes and Ponds

Freshwater Wetlands Aquatic biomes that are submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year Shallow enough to support emergent vegetation Includes: Very productive biome Provide several critical ecosystem services Problem?

Marine Ecosystems

Salt Marshes Found along the coast in temperate climates Contain non woody emergent vegetation One of the most productive biomes in the world Ecosystem services

Mangrove Swamps Found along tropical and subtropical coasts Contain trees whose roots are submerged in water Ecosystem services

Intertidal Zone Tide conditions: High tides – stable environment Low tides – harsh environment Waves that crash onto the shore

Coral Reefs Found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline Coral – tiny animals that secrete a layer of limestone (calcium carbonate) to form external skeleton But water is relatively poor in nutrients and food Coral bleaching

The Open Ocean – Past the Intertidal Zone The depth that light can penetrate in the open ocean is dependent on the amount of sediment and algae suspended in the water Zones: Photic zone – Aphotic zone - the deeper water that lacks sufficient light for photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Bioluminescence Benthic zone – ocean floor