An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning this year.

Psychology What is it? The science of behavior and mental processes. Do our feelings always match our behaviors? But I will still act tough. (even though I will be crying on the inside, so be gentle). If you call me stupid, I may feel sad or insecure

Psychology’s History Prescientific Psychology Socrates These two guys thought alike Plato dualism - the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies - some ideas innate Aristotle monism – mind and body are connected - knowledge results from memories of past experiences (mind is a blank slate)

Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes – mind and body separate; innate ideas Francis Bacon – founder of modern science and the scientific method John Locke – tabula rasa - mind is a blank slate Empiricism – knowledge comes from experience & science should therefore use observation and experimentation Locke’s and Bacon’s ideas

Psychology’s Early Debates Mind and Body Connect v. Separate Nature v. Nurture Innate v. Learned

Think Pair Share Which of the early thinkers of psychology do you think had the greatest effect on today’s psychology? Why?

History of Psychology Psychological Perspectives – a mental view of how scientists explain the mind and behavior

4 Historical Periods of Psychology Early Modern Psychoanalytic Behaviorist Biopsychosocial -

Early Psychological Science Wilhelm Wundt 1st Psych Lab - Reaction time experiment1st Psych Lab (Leipzig) 1st Experimental Psychologist – the study of the mind and behavior using the scientific method Reaction Time Experiments Experiment: Hearing a ball hit the platform measured reaction time G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore) 1st Lab USA -Johns Hopkins University 1st Pres. APA

1A: Structuralism Structuralism- explored structural elements (smallest mental processes) of the human mind. Edward Titchner (Cornell) Introspection - self reflective observation of your own sensations and feelings to study inner sensations and mental images to identify elements of sensory experience Example: Report immediate reactions and feelings to hearing musical sounds, looking at a rose

IB: Functionalism Functionalism – Emphasized the purpose or function of mental processes Focused on the adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions and how they enable an organisms to survive and reproduce added the importance of the environment Wm. James First Functionalist 1st Psych prof at Harvard Authored 1st Psych textbook Mary Calkins 1st woman student of Psychology (Harvard) 1st woman APA Pres. Margaret Floy Washburn 1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psych

Think Pair Share With your table, discuss the limitations of “introspection” and explain why current psychological researchers would be unlikely to use introspection to gather data. William James developed his theory of functionalism around the same time Charles Darwin was developing the theory of evolution. How do you think Darwin's theory influenced James' theory of functionalism? 1

Two: Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis - Freud’s theory of personality development and also his treatment of disorders Behavior is driven by unconscious drives and conflicts from childhood experiences Unconscious – a place in the mind where unacceptable thoughts, wishes and memories are hidden and that we are unaware of

Three: Behaviorism Behaviorism – studied only observable behavior Ignored Introspection and psychoanalysis and all mental process Believe behavior is learned through conditioning (repeated experiences) or through observing others Classical Conditioning – involuntary learning Pavlov – animals can learn to associate between different events and stimuli John B. Watson – father of behaviorism Operant Conditioning – voluntary learning B.F. Skinner – animals learn from reinforcements/rewards and punishments Observational Learning Bandura – animals learn by observing and imitating others behaviors

Four: Contemporary Psychology Biopsychosocial Approach Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client. Kind of like a smorgasbord..lots of variety, you pick what you want to eat

Modern Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Biological Psychological Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. Evaluates both nature and nurture Evaluates both mind and behavior

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial Approach is made up of 7 different perspectives. Psychologists today, pick and choose from about 7 schools or perspectives of thought to help you with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Biopsychosocial Approach 7 MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY Biological/Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behaviorist Cognitive Evolutionary Humanist Social-Culture

1. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective Biological approach – concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental process View of Mind and/or Behavior Biological basis - Come from your brain, body, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, blood chemistry etc…

Biological Perspective Let’s say you are 100lbs over weight. What would a psychologist from this perspective say was the cause of your obesity? What kind of treatment would they recommend? Metabolic rate, thyroid, Chemical imbalance Diet, Medication

2. Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary - Concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spreading our ancestors genes. View of Mind and/or Behavior: Driven by inherited traits from our ancestors that help us adapt,survive and reproduce Based on the ideas of… Charles Darwin – Natural Selection

Evolutionary Psychology How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival? Food was often scarce, so our ancestors would over eat when food was plentiful

3. Psychodynamic Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective – concerned with the unconscious mind and how it affects behavior View of Mind and/or Behavior: hidden/unconscious instincts, drives and conflicts, unfulfilled wishes and desires influence behavior. Treatment – uncover Unconscious thoughts And resolve your feelings

Psychodynamic Psychology You are 100lbs overweight…what would Freud say was the cause of your problem? Cause: Unconscious hostility about our childhood (hatred toward mother/father)

4. Behavioral Perspective Behavioral – scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by learning principles View of Mind and/or Behavior: Learned we have been conditioned Classically (responding to something in our environment) or Operantly (rewarded or punished) Or through observing others

Behavioral Psychology Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What do you think a behaviorist may do? They would probably ignore the fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overeating (what they can observe) Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.

5. Humanist Perspective Humanistic - Concerned with how individuals are motivated to grow and achieve personal fulfillment View of Mind and/or Behavior: Driven to reach growth potential on next level on Maslow’s Hierarchy …ultimately self actualization Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth. Believed all people were good

Humanistic Psychology What would a humanist say was the cause of your obesity? Lack of self acceptance – Don’t like yourself…you feel dissatisfied with your life Stuck in lower level of Maslow’s Hierarchy

6. Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Perspective – study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating View of Mind and/or Behavior Influenced by the way we interpret or perceive an experience or receive, store and process info irrational or negative thoughts Cognitive Revolution – study of the brain linked with mental activity (thinking, memory, language, perception)

Cognitive Perspective What would a cognitive psychologist say was the cause of your obesity? Thinking – “I’ll never be thin, I’ll always be fat, I can’t loose weight”

7. Social-Cultural Perspective Sociocultural – concerned with how culture and situations affect behavior and thinking View of the Mind and/or Behavior: culture, society, family, friend, peers, groups influence behavior How would they treat this disorder? New friends, avoid parties and fast food

Socio-Cultural Perspective What would someone from this perspective say was the cause of the behavior? Friends – group parties Family – eats unhealthy Culture – Super sized

Think Pair Share Discuss the causes of extroversion using each of the following perspectives Behavioral Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Biological Cognitive Evolutionary Socio-cultural Humanistic

AP PSYCH FRQ’S DID YOU… HAVE A HEADING FOR EACH TERM? WRITE IN COMPLETE SENTENCES? HAVE A SEPARATE PARAGRAPH FOR EACH TERM? HAVE NO INTRODUCTION OR CONCLUSION? GIVE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE? DEFINE THE TERM?

Behavioral – extroversion is a learned behavior through either conditioning (repeated experiences), or observation. An individual learned it by observing their extroverted parents or they were rewarded for extroverted behaviors Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic – an unconscious sexual drives or aggressive tendencies are causing them to be extraverted. Biological – an individual has inherited a gene for extroversion Cognitive – an individual perceives that being extroverted will help them to have more friends

Evolutionary – being extroverted enabled individuals to have friends (needed to hunt and for protection) or find mates to reproduce Socio-cultural – Extroversion is seen in the culture as being more acceptable than introversion or their friends and family are influencing extroverted behaviors Humanistic – an individual is striving for love and belonging on Maslow’s hierarchy

Psychology’s Big Debate Nature Versus Nurture Are our behaviors/traits influenced more by our genes (nature) or by our experiences (nurture) Examples Intelligence- genes (fixed) or environment (malleable) Language development – innate or learned Personality – born with it or shaped over our life Disorders – biological or triggered by experience

Fields of Psychology Applied V. Basic Research Basic Research – goal is to increase knowledge of field. Example: developing a new theory Applied Research – goal is to solve practical problems Example: using a theory to solve a practical problem Theory that depression is caused by, among other things, chemical imbalances in the brain Research on drug therapies to treat depression

Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics – measurement of human abilities. Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality questionnaires Basic Research – research in psychology to increase our knowledge of the field. Developmental psychology- change throughout the human life span (develop, grow, age) Research on children’s cognitive processes Educational psychology – how psych processes affect teaching and learning Research on how interaction between students increases learning Personality psychology – individual traits Research on the behaviors of introverts and extroverts Social psychology - how humans relate to one another Research how prejudice affects the behavior of minorities

Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others Examples Industrial/organizational psychology – help improve performance and well-being in the workplace Design recruiting processes hiring and firing practices Human factors psychology – designing machines and work environments that are best for people Design a car’s interior to work best to fit human needs Counseling psychology – assists people in problems with work, family school (Masters Degree) Clinical psychology - – diagnose and treats people with psych disorders, can’t prescribe medication(PhD) ie. depression Psychiatry - diagnoses and treats psych disorders, but can prescribe medication (Medical Doctor – M.D.) ie depression, but prescribes anti-depressants. Industrial – help human resources design recruiting processes, hiring and promoting people, design performance measurements Human factors – design aircraft to minimize pilot error (WWII pilots trained on one plane found themselves in a newer designed plane at combat. Planes had different controls—control stick back to pull nose up vs. control stick forward—many fatalities. Ergonomically designed desks or computer workstations (equip that fits the human body) Counseling – assists family who is having difficulty getting along with one another Clinical – treats people with depression

Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research – Community Psychology - aims to prevent disorders from developing by evaluating issues that potentially could affect the health and wellness of individuals in a community Prevent mental health issues after a hurricane Forensic Psychology – apply psychological principles to legal issues by helping law-enforcement in criminal investigations develop criminal profile for police officers School Psychology – diagnose, treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children’s learning or overall functioning at school Work with students to develop strategies to address learning difficulties Sports Psychology – work with coaches and athletes to help them improve their performance Help athletes to gain peak mental performance