PowerPoint Image Slideshow Psychology Chapter 6 LEARNING PowerPoint Image Slideshow

Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience change is not always immediately obvious 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Russian Physician/ Neurophysiologist Studied digestive secretion Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849- 1936 Russian Physician/ Neurophysiologist Studied digestive secretion Accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning Pavlov was a famous Russian physician known for his work on classical conditioning. While measuring saliva in dogs, he accidentally discovered classical conditioning.

Think about a song or scent that brings Classical Conditioning Cont. Think about a song or scent that brings back certain memories or feelings Stimulus - some action that produces activity in an organism (song) Response - reaction of an organism to a stimulus (feeling)

This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other Classical Conditioning Cont. Form of learning where one stimulus (thought of food) creates a response (mouth watering) in response to another stimulus (actual food) This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other

Classical Conditioning Cont.

Classical Conditioning Cont.

Breaking down the variables Classical Conditioning Cont. Breaking down the variables US = Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned E.g., Food

Breaking down the variables Classical Conditioning Cont. Breaking down the variables UR = Unconditioned Response A response that is automatic, not learned E.g., Salivation

Breaking down the variables Classical Conditioning Cont. Breaking down the variables CS = Conditioned Stimulus Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing E.g., Pairing bell and food together

Breaking down the variables Classical Conditioning Cont. Breaking down the variables CR = Conditioned Response Learned stimulus E.g., Bell

Classical Conditioning Cont. Importance of classical conditioning: Helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of human behavior Little Albert Counterconditioning - Plays a role in our physical health - Sexual arousal - Phobias 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning Cont. Generalization Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to the original CS “Little Albert” experiment (Watson and Rosalie Rayner)

Classical Conditioning Cont. UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR

Classical Conditioning Cont. The unconditioned stimulus is the couple and the unconditioned response from viewers is feelings of happiness. When the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus (the tequila) the conditioned response to the tequila is happiness. Therefore, the advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are hoping that the next time you step into the liquor store and take a peak at their tequila you will have feelings of happiness that are enough to buy some tequila! Classical conditioning is every where!

Classical Conditioning Cont.

Classical Conditioning Cont.

Classical Conditioning Cont.

Operant Conditioning Shaping: method of successive approximations Skinner box 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punishment 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Positive Reinforcers primary reinforcers secondary reinforcers schedules of reinforcement: fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Issues in the use of positive reinforcement: timing: delay of reinforcement consistency in the delivery of reinforcement 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Negative reinforcement: removal or avoidance of a negative event escape conditioning avoidance conditioning 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Punishment: a negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Dangers of punishment: reinforcing to the punisher generalized inhibiting effect learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher criticism trap does not teach appropriate behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Cont. Guidelines for the use of punishment: do not use physical punishment punish the inappropriate behavior immediately positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior punish specific behaviors do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior do not back down 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning: association between two stimuli involves reflexive, involuntary behaviors UCS is paired with the CS independent of individual’s behavior Operant conditioning association between a response and the resulting consequence complicated voluntary behaviors reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been elicited 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

OPERANT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING? 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. 2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. 3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. 4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. 5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

OPERANT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING? 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. CC 2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. OP 3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. 4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. 5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

Observational Learning Albert Bandura: Modeling: eliciting desired behavior by showing how it is done Bobo Doll Experiment Social Learning Theory 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Cognitive learning 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Cognitive learning 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved