Chapter 10 Information Literacy Technology Now, 2nd Edition Chapter 10 Information Literacy

In this Chapter Find Online Information Search for Information Evaluate Online Information Use Search Tools Use Information Ethically

Find Online Information (1 of 6) Find Information on the Surface Web Surface web are sites freely available to the public can be searched by standard search engines also called public web or visible web

Find Online Information (2 of 6)

Find Online Information (3 of 6) Access Restricted Sites

Find Online Information (4 of 6) Access Restricted Sites Restricted sites require a subscription or other type of membership Part of the deep web, also called the hidden web or the invisible web Dark web part of the deep web used for illegal activities not reached by search engines includes hacking groups, traffic in hoaxes, scams, terrorism, illegal drugs, pornography, and animal trade

Find Online Information (5 of 6) Use News Sites Television, radio, and other media provide up-to-date information on their Web sites, including videos and photos Print newspapers and magazines also provide online versions of their articles News apps are apps that you can install on your tablet or smartphone

Find Online Information (6 of 6) Find Information on Scholarly Sites

Search for Information (1 of 11) To improve the quality of the information you find using a search engine, you can narrow your search results by: using search operators customizing search results customizing browser settings using search engine tools A search phrase contains keywords, that best describe what you want to find

Search for Information (2 of 11) Develop Search Strategies

Search for Information (3 of 11) Follow Search Guidelines To search more effectively: Use a word stem (the base of a word, without –ed or -ing endings) to broaden a search Use search operators, which are characters that help you focus your search

Search for Information (4 of 11) Follow Search Guidelines

Search for Information (5 of 11) If you wanted to search for information on SAM on the Cengage.com site, you could use the following: site:www.cengage.com sam To search for sites related to Netflix, you could type the following: related:netflix.com

Search for Information (6 of 11) Evaluate Search Results

Search for Information (7 of 11) Evaluate Search Results Search engines place the most relevant results, or hits, on the first few pages Most search engines include filters for finding certain types of results, such as images or news, or pages posted in a certain date range Creative Commons is an organization that provides free, standardized copyright licenses to encourage legal sharing of creative material

Search for Information (8 of 11) Evaluate Search Results Sponsored links are hyperlinks to paid advertising content related to your search text Search engine optimization (SEO) techniques increase the likelihood that pages will appear closer to the top of search results, where more users will see them

Search for Information (9 of 11) Customize Search Results

Search for Information (10 of 11) Use Search Engine and Browser Tools Public domain means the copyright has expired or otherwise doesn’t apply To learn about new articles, blog posts, or other online information set up a Google Alert Annotation tools such as a highlighter, pen, and comment box let you call attention to and highlight website content Use Cortana

Search for Information (11 of 11) Use Search Engine and Browser Tools

Evaluate Online Information (1 of 6) To evaluate online information, apply the CARS checklist to ensure that the information is: credible accurate reasonable supported Look at potential online sources critically—a site with errors, a bad design, or an unclear navigational structure may be unprofessional and therefore unreliable

Evaluate Online Information (2 of 6) Evaluate the Credibility of Online Information Is the information credible, or believable? Identify the author Check the author’s credentials

Evaluate Online Information (3 of 6) Evaluate the Accuracy of Online Information Are the online sources accurate? Verify facts and claims Evaluate the information source Check the date Check photographs

Evaluate Online Information (4 of 6) Evaluate the Reasonableness of Online Information Is the source reasonable? Fair and sensible, not extreme or excessive More than one point of view Emotional, persuasive, or biased language Conflict of interest

Evaluate Online Information (5 of 6) Evaluate the Support for Online Information Evaluate a webpage’s support, look for: links or citations other pages and print material on the topic quotations For photos or other reproduced content credit lines should appear somewhere on the page that states the source and any necessary copyright information

Evaluate Online Information (6 of 6) Follow Evaluation Guidelines

Use Search Tools (1 of 6) In your searches, you can use general search engines, such as Google, Yahoo!, and Bing and subject directories to find just the information you want Specialty search engines and social media tools can lead you to valuable information sources other than websites

Use Search Tools (2 of 6)

Use Search Tools (3 of 6) Describe How Search Engines Work Spiders or crawlers, software that combs the web to find webpages and add new data about them to the database programs build an index of terms and their locations Based on a search term, or query, a general search engine refers to its database index and then lists pages that match your search term, ranked by how closely they answer your query

Use Search Tools (4 of 6) Use Subject Directories Subject directory is a catalog of webpages organized by subject

Use Search Tools (5 of 6) Search Social Media Sites Social search tool such as Social Searcher and Google Social Search to search blogs, microblogs, comments, and conversations on social media sites Designed for finding subjective content, such as comments, reviews, and opinions Social networks such as Facebook, Foursquare, and Twitter have tools for searching data shared by members Facebook includes reaction buttons—Like, Love, Haha, Wow, Sad, and Angry—to respond to posts, articles, videos, and other web information

Use Search Tools (6 of 6) Use Search Tools for Research

Use Information Ethically (1 of 8) In using Web information in your work, use ethical principles to guide you Use citations to credit information sources and avoid plagiarism Be aware that any created work may be subject to copyright laws; use care to avoid violating a content creator’s intellectual property rights.

Use Information Ethically (2 of 8) Define Ethics Ethics is the set of moral principles that govern people’s behavior Plagiarism is using the work or ideas of someone else and claiming them as your own A copyright gives authors and artists the legal right to sell, publish, or distribute an original work

Use Information Ethically (3 of 8) Cite Sources A citation is a formal reference to a published work Citation style are guidelines for citations: MLA, APA, or Chicago

Use Information Ethically (4 of 8) Cite Sources

Use Information Ethically (5 of 8) Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism: using the work or ideas of someone else and claiming them as your own Paraphrase: to restate an idea using words different from those used in the original

Use Information Ethically (6 of 8) Observe Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property rights: legal rights protecting those who create works such as photos, art, writing, inventions, and music Copyright: gives authors and artists the legal right to sell, publish, or distribute an original work; and it goes into effect as soon as the work exists in physical form Digital rights management: techniques such as authentication, copy protection, or encryption that limit access to proprietary materials

Use Information Ethically (7 of 8) Use Content in the Public Domain Public domain: content you can use it freely because it is not subject to copyright Applies to material for which the copyright has expired and to work that has been explicitly released to the public domain by its owner Fair use doctrine: allows you to use a sentence or paragraph of text without permission if you include a citation to the original source for quotations and other cited material in the United States

Use Information Ethically (8 of 8) Use Creative Commons Content Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that aims to help licensors— those who create content—keep copyright to their materials while still allowing others to use, copy, or distribute their work under conditions the licensors choose People who use content that carries a Creative Commons license, called licensees, must follow CC license rules on giving credit for works they use and displaying copyright notices Creative Commons website: https://creativecommons.org