TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS (Lesson 15)

Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters? ENQUIRY QUESTION 2: Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?

Last lesson’s objectives: To know the difference between a hazard and a disaster To understand the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and risk To have knowledge of Degg’s Model To understand the ‘hazard risk equation’ To understand the ‘Disaster Risk and Age Index’.

WHITEBOARD RECAP QUESTIONS

Today’s Specification Content: The social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards(volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis) on the people, economy and environment of contrasting locations in the developed, emerging and developed world.

Lesson Objectives To understand the concept of development ( developed, developing and emerging economies) The social and economic impacts of: 1) Earthquakes e.g. Haiti Jan 2010( developing) and China Sichuan May 2008 (emerging) 2) Tsunamis e.g. Indian Ocean Dec 2004( developing) and Japan March 2011( developed) 3) Volcanoes e.g. Iceland Eyjafjallajokull 2010 ( developed)and Montserrat, Caribbean June 1995 and 1997( developing)

WHITEBOARD PAIRED WORK What does the phrase ‘development’ mean? Are countries of low level of development closely associated with high or low levels of risk and vulnerability to natural hazards?

KEY TERM: DEVELOPMENT Development is linked to an improving society, enabling people to achieve their aspirations. It includes the provision of social services, acquisition of economic assets, improved productivity and reducing vulnerability to natural disasters. An example of a developed country is Japan or Italy.

Developing countries Countries of Low levels of development such as Haiti or the Philippines are closely associated with HIGH LEVELS OF RISK AND VULNERABILITY to natural disasters.

Emerging countries Emerging countries are those who have previously been underdeveloped but who are now well on their way to becoming developed. As such their populations are still at risk and vulnerable to natural disasters. Examples of emerging economies are China or India.

TASK Study table 1.5 which shows top 5 tectonic disasters by cost, fatalities and insured losses. Analyse the differences between developed and developing or emerging countries shown by the data

The social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards (Read/ highlight…) The social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards VARY CONSIDERABLY in terms of TIME and SPACE( i.e. geographical region) They may vary from minor nuisances to major disasters involving a considerable impact on people in terms of loss of livelihoods and / or deaths. **The impact of EARTHQUAKES ( and other secondary effects such as tsunamis) are generally MUCH GREATER than those presented by VOLCANOES** This is because the concentration of volcanoes in relatively narrow belts means not only that a relatively small proportion of the land area of the world is close to a volcano but also that a relatively small proportion of the human population has direct exposure to volcanic activity. Less than 1% of the world’s population is likely to experience RISK from volcanoes whereas the figure for earthquakes likely to be directly affected is 5%( this figure rises significantly when secondary effects such as landslides and tsunamis are taken into account)

WHITEBOARD/. PAIRED WORK When considering social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards all over the world, what factors need to be considered ? 5 mins…

Economic impacts need to be carefully considered.. The economic impacts are roughly proportional to the land area exposed to the relevant hazard. Many factors need considering: 1) The level of development ( developed/ developing/ emerging) 2) Level of insurance ( insured impacts versus non- insured losses) 3)Total number of people affected and the speed of economic recovery following an event ( a measure of resilience) 4) Degree of urbanisation ( and linked to this, land values) and the level of interdependence of the region affected 5) Impacts on a country’s GDP ( Gross Domestic Product- the total value of all goods and services produced by a country measured per capita/ head of population)

TASK 1 Using information given on the following few slides plus information in the yellow booklet and /or own internet research produce case study files ( on worksheets provided in yellow booklet) for two earthquakes and two volcanoes (**TSUNAMIS HAVE ALREADY BEEN COVERED IN BOOKLET 1**)to show their social and economic impacts in contrasting locations in the developed, emerging and developing world.

TASK 2 ‘ Explain how the social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards might affect people , the economy and the environment in different parts of the world.’ ( 12 marks) TIPS: Explain: Say why /give reasons Decide which examples you would like to use. Choose at least 1 from developed, developing and emerging countries. Make sure that you consider social and economic and environmental impacts for EACH and use SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS to make your points clear. Do NOT fall into the trap of ‘ case study dumping’ ( writing all you know about etc…) Compare and contrast different examples as you go along… Think of the best ‘ golden nuggets’ to illustrate your points- NOT EVERY SINGLE FACT!

The Haiti Earthquake What? Why? Where? When? As many as 50,000 Haitians sleep in this earthquake survivor camp in the Del Mas area in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Jan. 21, 2010. It has grown by thousands since the U.S. Army 82nd Division's 1st Squadron, 73rd Cavalry Squadron started distributing food and water there. The Haiti Earthquake

Where is Haiti? Haiti is in the Caribbean. It shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic.

The earthquake On January 12th 2010 a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti. This was the largest earthquake in this region for over 200 years. The focus of the earthquake was shallow – only 8.3 kilometres (5.2 miles) below the surface. The epicentre was just 15 kilometres (10 miles) southwest of the densely populated Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince.

Why did Haiti have an earthquake? The earthquake was caused by a transform plate boundary between the American and Caribbean plates. Haiti

More than one earthquake! In the first 11 hours after the earthquake there were 32 aftershocks greater than magnitude 4. The red lines on the satellite image show all the fault lines in the region. The earthquake and the aftershocks are shown on this NASA image as black circles.

How did this earthquake happen? At a transform plate boundary two plates move past each other. Plates are neither destroyed nor formed. As the plates try to move past each other the stress of rock moving past rock is released as an earthquake.

See interactive video/ hazard- resilience and vulnerability- Haiti earthquake http://www.insidedisaster.com/experience/ Offers 3 experiences from the point of view of 1) The Survivor 2) The Journalist 3) The Aid worker

You tube clips- Haiti disaster http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_dMzgy3Pp4 ( 1 week on…..>10 mins)

The effects of the earthquake At least 230,000 killed but it is likely we will never know the true, exact death toll. Many of the dead were buried in mass graves. 300,000 injured 1 million homeless 250,000 houses and 30,000 commercial buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.

Destruction Aerial view of the damaged cathedral

Residents of Port-au-Prince make their way through rubble and downed power lines in a devastated street on 14 January 2010. 

Damage to transport and infrastructure Roads were blocked by fallen buildings. The control tower at Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport was damaged. The port was severely damaged meaning aid supplies couldn’t be transported through the harbour. The public telephone system was not available.

Other effects Queues at the gas stations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti stretched for blocks because many used the fuel for generators so they had some power until electricity was restored. As many as 50,000 Haitians were sleeping in this earthquake survivor camp in the Del Mas area in Port-au-Prince. The temporary population grew by thousands once the U.S. Army started distributing food and water there.

Response:The rescue operation The Haitian government did not have the resources to cope with the rescue operation so it asked for help from the international community. In the top image, firefighters from Los Angeles County Search and Rescue team pull a woman from the rubble of her collapsed home. Another woman is rescued after being buried in debris for 5 days without food or water.

What happened to the survivors? Hundreds of Haitians tried to get off the island. Whilst thousands of others had to live in makeshift tents.

Helping the injured All hospitals in the capital were destroyed or severely damaged. The quake affected the three Médecins Sans Frontières medical facilities around Port-au-Prince, causing one to collapse completely. The St. Michel District Hospital in the southern town of Jacmel,was destroyed. This was the largest referral hospital in south-east Haiti. The sign says ‘ER’ as a temporary emergency medical facility is set up in Port-au-Prince.

Helping the injured The 1000 - bed hospital ship USNS Comfort was anchored just off Haiti as part of the international Operation United Relief.