Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

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Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Section 1: Structure of the Atom http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0zION8xjbM http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-2/502/group11/periodic_table.gif

Atoms and Elements Elements are abbreviated in scientific shorthand – first letter or two of element’s name Atom – smallest piece of matter that still has the properties of the element Protons have an electrical charge of 1+. Neutrons do not have an electrical charge. Electrons have an electrical charge of 1- Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom; electrons surround the nucleus

Model of the Atom http://www.csmate.colostate.edu/cltw/cohortpages/viney_off/atom.jpg

Quarks Protons and neutrons make up most of the mass in matter They are made up of smaller particles called quarks. Quarks are studied by colliding accelerated charged particles with protons, which leave tracks in a bubble chamber. Six quarks are known to exist, but protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks

Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Strange, and Charm Meet the Quarks Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Strange, and Charm http://www.jlab.org/~hleiqawi/6quarks.jpg

Models: Tools for Scientists Scientists use scaled-up models to represent atoms. Atoms are so tiny, not even the most powerful microscope can see them--that means we have NEVER seen an atom! Current electron cloud model shows electrons traveling in specific energy levels around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. So how do we know this? Models have evolved over thousands of years using scientific evidence.

Electron Cloud Model of the Atom http://www.csmate.colostate.edu/cltw/cohortpages/viney_off/atom.jpg

Models of Atoms: A History 1. Democritus’s Uncuttable Atom Ancient Greek philosopher (400 B.C.) Proposed elements are composed of tiny solid particles that could not be further divided http://web.mit.edu/philos/www/mm/democritus.jpg

Models of Atoms: A History 1. Democritus’s Uncuttable Atom Particles were called “atomos,” meaning “uncuttable” http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/pics/1.gif

Models of Atoms: A History John Dalton’s Billiard Ball English Physicist (1800) Proposed elements are composed of tiny solid spheres http://chemreview.pbwiki.com/f/image.jpg http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~ch111/images/democritus.gif

Models of Atoms: A History 3. J.J. Thomson’s Cookie Dough English Physicist (1904) Negatively charged particles are evenly distributed within a positively charged solid sphere http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg

Models of Atoms: A History 3. J.J. Thomson’s Cookie Dough The + matter is the dough; the – matter are the chocolate chips

Models of Atoms: A History 4. Ernest Rutherford’s Massive Nucleus English Physicist (1911) Most of the mass of the atom is in the positive nucleus; electrons surround nucleus; empty space in between http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/Ernest_Rutherford.png

Models of Atoms: A History 4. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Models of Atoms: A History 5. Niels Bohr’s Fixed Orbits Danish Physicist (1913) Electrons travel in fixed orbits, or certain paths, around the nucleus http://astro.schoolnet.ir/astro%20persian%20ver/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg

Models of Atoms: A History 5. Niels Bohr’s Fixed Orbits Electrons have energy levels Electrons with more energy are farther from the nucleus http://www.splung.com/nuclear/images/atoms10.gif

Models of Atoms: A History 6. Electron Cloud Model (1920) Electrons do not travel in fixed orbits Electrons are randomly found in an area around the nucleus Currently accepted model http://universe-review.ca/I15-53-quantum.jpg

Models of Atoms: A History 7. James Chadwick’s Neutrons English Physicist (1932) Presence of neutral neutrons in the nucleus, in addition to the protons http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/images/chadwick_web.jpg

Review Questions, p. 549 1-4 Answer these questions: Write the chemical symbols for the elements carbon, aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium. What are the names, charges, and locations of 3 kinds of particles that make up an atom? What is the smallest particle of matter? How were they discovered? Describe the electron cloud model of the atom.