Spread of Protestantism For both Catholics and Protestant reformers, Luther’s heresy raised the question of what constituted the correct interpretation of the Bible. The inability to agree on this issue led not only to theological confrontations but also to bloody warfare as each Christian group was unwilling to admit that it could be wrong.

Lutheranism in Scandinavia Sweden Gustavus Vasa became king in 1520 and by 1530s the Swedish Lutheran National Church Denmark Frederick I encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread evangelical doctrines Frederick’s successor- Christian III, installed a Lutheran state church – king supreme authority Spread to Norway By 1540s, Scandinavia had become a Lutheran stronghold In 1397, the Union of Kalmar had brought about the unification of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under the rule of one monarch, the king of Denmark. This union failed to achieve any real social or political unification of the three states By the beginning of the 16th century, the union was basically disintegrating In 1520, Christian II of Denmark was overthrown by Swedish barons led by Gustavus Vasa.  became king of an independent Sweden and took the lead in establishing the Lutheran reformation in his country Christian II had also been deposed as the king of Denmark by the Danish nobility – succeeded by his uncle, Frederick I Like the German princes, the Scandinavian monarchs had been the dominant force in establishing state-run churches

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Student of Christian humanism and Catholic priest Adopted Lutheranism and established what amounted to a theocracy in Zurich Like Luther, believed in supremacy of Bible, but believed did not believe that baptism and holy communion were true sacraments Stripped icons/images from the altars of churches Emphasized simplicity in worship Ends up being killed by Catholic forces during civil war in 1531 In the 16th c, the Swiss Confederation was a loose association of 13 self-governing states called cantons Theoretically in Holy Roman Empire, but had become virtually independent in 1499. During Lent, publicly ate sausages in defiance of Lenten ban on eating meat- said that there was nothing in the Bible about sausages Only preach from the bible and forbid saying of mass Tithes used to aid the poor- in his mind the real image of god By 1528, Zwingli’s reform movement faced a serious political problem– forest cantons still very Catholic– Zurich feared they would side with the Habsburgs Tried to unify with Luther and the German reformers for strength – no alliance b/c disagreement on Eucharist – thought Luther still too close to Catholicism in that sense In Oct 1531, war erupted with the Swiss Protestants and Catholics – Zwingli killed – cut up his body and burned This religious war foreshadowed religious conflicts Both Catholics and Lutherans claim his death to be divine judgement against religious positions – Martin Luther said he got what he deserved

Anabaptists Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state Rejected secular agreements- refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in military Did not believe in childhood baptism- baptize adults Considered radicals by Protestants and Catholics Wanted to represent “godly” living on the model of the New Testament Believed only adults could manifest true faith and this be worthy of baptism Believed all believers equal Each church chose its minister – though women often excluded Called themselves “Christians” Believed in complete separation of Church and state Idea that human law had no power over those whom God had saved Charles V along with Catholic and Protestant rulers in the empire declared Anabaptism a crime and punishable by death- drowning- “third baptism”

Tragedy at Munster In 1532, a radical group of Anabaptists took control of the German city of Munster Polygamy was instituted (Leader, John of Leiden, had 16 wives) Women could serve as leaders of movement All books except the Bible burned Began killing some Lutherans and Catholics Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed the Anabaptist leaders Got rid of private property – when Christ returns you do not need possessions Believed the end of the world was near Leadership tortured

Long Term Impacts of Anabaptists Mennonites Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons– descendants of the Anabaptists Emphasized pacifism Quakers England- shared similar beliefs Thousands came to America Unitarians Reject the Trinity Also influenced by Anabaptists Luther did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism Mennonites- peace Amish descendants as well

Calvinism Protestant Work Ethic: John Calvin (1509-1564) French, forced into exile, settling in Basel and Geneva Predestination: Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to be saved and who is destined for Hell “good works” is not sufficient and no free will because God has already decided BUT, good works are a sign that you have been chosen for salvation Reforms arrived in France and once there were placards being placed in Paris denouncing Mass- the King, (Francis I), decided to combat reform in earnest Calvin- sent to Paris at a young age to trained as a priest Late-Renaissance humanism and the teachings of Erasmus helped stimulate in the pious young Calvin an interest in religious reform Feared storms and nature Idea that the oceans might rise and sweep humankind away Believed lived in a time of moral crisis- we have seen this… Calvin said three tests that might indicate possible salvation: an open profession of faith, a “decent and godly life”, and participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion – Calvin never suggested that worldly success or material wealth was a sign of election – in the future this distinction was not always made Gave later Calvinists an unshakable conviction that they were doing God’s work on earth Protestant Work Ethic: Emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased

Calvinism Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 Geneva became the new center of the Reformation in Europe Like Zwingli, he believed the church and city should combine to enforce Christian behavior Activities like drinking, singing, dancing and gambling were prohibited Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France settled in Geneva and returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas Only those committed to following Calvinism were allowed in the city Calvinism was the most militant and uncompromising of all Protestant sects Consistory: A judiciary of lay elders had power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law

Impact of spread of Calvinism Presbyterianism Established in Scotland by John Knox in 1560 Presbyters governed the church Huguenots French Calvinists Brutally suppressed in France Dutch Reformed Church Rise of Calvinism in Netherlands set stage for revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain Declared Independence in 1581, but not officially recognized until 1648 Puritans in England Later established colonies in America Countries where Calvinism did not spread- Ireland, Spain and Italy- heavily Catholic