Plantation world From a society with slaves to a slave society Rights of the Englishmen!... One group lost rights after 1680s Virginia & Maryland changed after Bacon’s Rebellion Institution became more rigidly defined & more tied to race Europeans were free Indians were excluded from colonies Africans were seen as slaves Mixed races were marginalized, or slaves

Atlantic slave trade Relatively few went to North America Between 1500-1900, 10-15 million Africans were forced across the Atlantic

Atlantic slave trade Relatively few went to North America Between 1500-1900, 10-15 million Africans were forced across the Atlantic

Slave trade in africa New state in West Africa like Asante, Dahomey, & Oyo emerged Benin refused Some grew rich Disaster Warfare, fear, lost population/strength Pg. 100

Middle Passage The voyage where slaves were taken from West Africa to the Americas Took about 7 weeks Nearly a quarter died 1st generation: early1600s, came form coast, familiar with each other & European culture, some dignity Trading partners for about 100 years Later generations: further inland, lost of self respect Until mid-1700s, bout a quarter who made it died within a year

Slave Revolts White colonists depended on slave labor, and lived in constant fear Georgia was a tense boundary (England & Spain) Spain offered freedom, just convert to Catholicism Early 1700s, many slaves made it to Florida Some already Catholic (Kongo) Line of defense

Slave revolts Stono Slave Rebellion of 1739 1741 NY fires Largest slave uprising before Revolution 60 slaves from S. Carolina Walked off plantations, armed themselves, burned buildings, killed those who got in their way S. Carolina restricted slave importation and assembly of slaves 1741 NY fires …blamed slaves 30 Africans & 4 whites hanged or burned MASS HYSTERIA

Stability &instability Act of Union 1707 vote by Scottish & English Parliaments to become one nation of Great Britain English colonies became British North America 1707, people living in N. America had never seen Britain People still poor, but desperate starvation time was done Plantations making lots of $ But full of uncertainty

Salem witch trials 1692 Harsh winter 1691-1692, tensions in Massachusetts New England under siege by indians & French Canadians Maine communities attacked and fled near Salem Poor residents resented better off neighbors Women Lived unwillingly in submissive gender roles If assertive or lived alone or of non-English background… not trusted MASS HYSTERIA Ended as quickly as it began, fall 1692 people started to have doubts. 1693, all over Judge Samuel Sewall apologized, asked God’s pardon Legal action taken against 144 6 men & 14 women were executed Almost all accusers were women under 25

women mid 1700s, culture divided into public & private realms Women kept in private realm Urban had some more opportunity …90% of British residents lived on farms Running out of land  move to more isolated area Men still went to town, women: pregnant, nursing, daily chores, playing role of physician Bottom of social hierarchy?

Growth of cities 1700, about 250,000 people (European & African) Doesn’t include Indians Boston: 8,000 New York: 6,000 Philadelphia: 2,000 Charleston: 2,000 Capital of New Spain, New Mexico: 100,000 London: over 500,000

Growth of cities 1700: 1775: Boston: 8,000 17,500 1700: 1775: Boston: 8,000 17,500 New York: 6,000 21,500 Philadelphia: 2,000 31,000 Charleston: 2,000 11,000 Cities emerged as significant trading centers for British world …good harbors

Growth of cities Britain’s dominance of the ocean-based commerce Slaves, tea, naval building, food, and supplies to Caribbean plantations (much more $ than anything in N. America) Cities became safer Vaccinations, smallpox Boston clergyman Cotton Mather, 1721 Read about a Turkish doctor who infected healthy people

Commercial attitudes, commercial success Economy changed dramatically 1689-1754 Economy had been organized around mercantilism Government intervenes to increase national wealth World’s wealth was finite For someone to gain, someone had to lose New trade developed leads capitalism Adam Smith 1776, trade is source of wealth rather than exchange of goods, wealth can expand

Triangular Trade