Independent Nursing Studies NURS 420 Student Presentation   Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) , Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Independent Nursing Studies NURS 420 Student Presentation

Objectives : History of illness Definition OTHER NAMES FOR HIV Pathophysiology Diagnosis Etiology Signs and symptoms Modes of HIV Transmission FACTS Prevention Treatment Nursing intervention

History of illness Researchers found the earliest case of HIV in a blood sample of a man from the Democratic Republic of Congo. It’s said that the virus spread from chimpanzees to humans sometime before 1931, most likely during “bush meat trading.” While hunting chimpanzees, hunters would come in contact with animal blood. Before the 1980s, researchers estimate that about 100,000 to 300,000 people were infected with HIV. The earliest case was confirmed in 1968, in Robert Raeford, a 16-year-old teenager, who never left the Midwest or received a blood transfusion. This suggests that HIV and AIDS may have been present in the United States before 1966. But before AIDS was identified, the disease appeared as other immunodeficiency conditions like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS). A year after scientists identified AIDS they discovered the cause: HIV.

Cont. … 1981-1990s The start of the epidemic researchers studied how the disease spread and by 1984: They found that females could get HIV through sex. There were 3,064 diagnosed cases of AIDS in the United States. Of those cases, 1,292 people died. The National Cancer Institute identified HIV as the cause of AIDS. By 1995, AIDS was the leading cause of death for adults 25 to 44 years old. About 50,000 Americans died of AIDS-related causes. African-Americans made up 49 percent of AIDS-related deaths. But death rates began to decline after multidrug therapy became widely available. The number of deaths has since dropped from 38,780 in 1996 to 14,499 in 2000. 1990s-2000s The development of research, treatment, and prevention In 1997, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became the new treatment standard. It caused a 47 percent decline in death rates.

Definition HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells (T cells) in the body, making the person more likely to get infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. These opportunistic infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system and signal that the person has AIDS, the last state of HIV infection.

OTHER NAMES FOR HIV Former names of the virus include: Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-lll) Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV)

Pathophysiology Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the HIV or human immunodeficiency virus. The infection causes progressive destruction of the cell-mediated immune (CMI) system, primarily by eliminating CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes. Decreased immunity leads to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that do not cause infections in healthy individuals. HIV also directly damages certain organs like the brain.

Diagnosis Your health-care provider can diagnose HIV by testing blood for the presence of antibodies (disease-fighting proteins) to HIV. It may take HIV antibodies as long as six months after infection to be produced in quantities large enough to show up in standard blood tests. For that reason, make sure to talk to your health-care provider about follow-up testing

Etiology The world first became aware of AIDS in the early 198o's. Researchers aren't sure exactly when and how HIV developed The most likely theories assume that HIV-1 was transmitted to humans from chimpanzees sometime in the early 20th century

Signs and symptoms Some people may experience a flu-like illness within 2-4 weeks after HIV infection. But some people may not feel sick during this stage. Flu-like symptoms can include: Fever Chills Rash Night sweats Muscle aches Sore throat Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Mouth ulcers

Modes of HIV Transmission Through body fluids: Blood products Semen Vaginal fluids Intravenous drug abuse: Sharing needles. Unsterilized blades .

Cont. Through sex : Unprotected Intercourse: Oral Anal Mother to baby : Before Birth During Birth

FACTS HIV is not airborne and cannot be caught by touching skin, sweat or saliva. You cannot get HIV by holding hands or sharing drinks. Mosquito's do not inject other peoples blood when they bite and so can't spread HIV.

Prevention Because there is no cure or vaccine to prevent HIV, the only way people can prevent infection from the virus is to avoid high-risk behaviors putting them at risk of infection, such as having unprotected sex or sharing needles. NIAID urges everyone ages 13 to 64 to get tested for HIV as part of their routine health care. Catching HIV in its early stages can make a lifesaving difference

Treatment NIAID and other researchers have developed drugs to fight both HIV infection and its associated infections and cancers. In combination with early detection through HIV testing, available HIV therapies can greatly extend years and quality of life, and have resulted in a dramatic decrease in AIDS deaths in the U.S

Nursing intervention Assess patient’s ability to chew, taste, and swallow. Weigh as indicated. Evaluate weight in terms of premorbid weight. Compare serial weights and anthropometric measurements. Encourage as much physical activity as possible. Provide frequent mouth care, observing secretion precautions. Avoid alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Provide rest period before meals. Avoid stressful procedures close to mealtime. Remove existing noxious environmental stimuli or conditions that aggravate gag reflex. Assess mental and neurological status using appropriate tools.

Reference https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids http://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/history#1990s-2000s3 https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/summer09/articles/summer09pg13-15.html www.aids.gov www.aidshealth.org www.aidsmap.com