Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition Chapter 8 The Muscular System

Types of Muscle Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Smooth Muscle Makes up walls of hollow body organs, respiratory passageways Involuntary movement Cell structure Tapered ends Single, central nucleus No visible bands (striations) Stimulated by nerve impulses, hormones, stretching

Cardiac Muscle Makes up wall of heart Involuntary movement Cell structure Branching interconnections Single, central nucleus Striated Membranes are intercalated disks Stimulated by electrical impulses, nervous stimuli, hormones

Skeletal Muscle Attached to bones, muscles, or skin Voluntary movement Cell structure Long and cylindrical Multiple nuclei per cell Heavily striated Stimulated by nervous system

Checkpoint 8-1: What are the three types of muscle?

Question: Which type of muscle has intercalated disks. a Question: Which type of muscle has intercalated disks? a. smooth muscle b. cardiac muscle c. skeletal muscle

Answer: b. cardiac muscle

The Muscular System Skeletal muscle has three primary functions Skeletal movement Posture maintenance Heat generation

Checkpoint 8-2: What are the three main functions of skeletal muscle?

Structure of a Muscle Fascicles (muscle fibers) Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium (deep fascia) Tendons

Structure of a skeletal muscle. Structure of a muscle showing the tendon that attaches it to a bone. (B) Muscle tissue seen under a microscope. Portions of several fascicles are shown with connective tissue coverings. ZOOMING IN • What is the innermost layer of connective tissue in a muscle? • What layer of connective tissue surrounds a fascicle of muscle fibers?

Question: What is the name of the connective tissue structure that connects muscle to bone? a. fascicle b. ligament c. tendon

Answer: c. tendon

Muscle Cells in Action Motor unit is a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) Neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft Receptors Motor end plate

Checkpoint 8-3: Muscles are activated by the nervous system Checkpoint 8-3: Muscles are activated by the nervous system. What is the name of the special synapse where a nerve cell makes contact with a muscle cell? Checkpoint 8-4: What neurotransmitter is involved in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells?

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (A) The branched end of a motor neuron makes contact with the membrane of a muscle fiber (cell). (B) Enlarged view of the NMJ showing release of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft. (C) Acetylcholine attaches to receptors in the motor end plate, whose folds increase surface area. (D) Electron microscope photograph of the neuromuscular junction.

Properties of Muscle Tissue Excitability Action potential Contractility Actin Myosin Sarcomere ATP

Sliding filament mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. Muscle is relaxed and there is no contact between the actin and myosin filaments. Cross-bridges form and the actin filaments are moved closer together as the muscle fiber contracts. (C) The cross-bridges return to their original position and attach to new sites to prepare for another pull on the actin filaments and further contraction.   ZOOMING IN • Do the actin or myosin filaments change in length as contraction proceeds?

Checkpoint 8-5: What are two properties of muscle cells that are needed for response to a stimulus? Checkpoint 8-6: What are the filaments that interact to produce muscle contraction?

The Role of Calcium Calcium Is released when nerve fiber stimulates muscle cell Attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites Allows cross-bridges to form between actin and myosin Returns to endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is called “sarcoplasmic reticulum” in muscle cells.

Energy Sources Muscle contraction requires energy (ATP), oxidized in muscle cells from Oxygen Glucose or other usable nutrient Compounds in muscle cells that store oxygen, energy, or nutrients Myoglobin Glycogen Creatine phosphate

Checkpoint 8-7: What mineral is needed to allow actin and myosin to interact? Checkpoint 8-8: Muscle cells obtain energy for contraction from the oxidation of nutrients. What compound is formed in oxidation that supplies the energy for contraction?

Oxygen Consumption Aerobic glucose metabolism Anaerobic glucose metabolism Inefficient production Lactic acid accumulation Oxygen debt Recovery oxygen consumption

Checkpoint 8-9: When muscles work without oxygen, a compound is produced that causes muscle fatigue. What is the name of this compound?

Effects of Exercise Improved balance, joint flexibility Increase in muscle size (hypertrophy) Improvements in muscle tissue Vasodilation Strengthened heart muscle Improved breathing and respiratory efficiency Weight control Stronger bones

Types of Muscle Contractions Partial (muscle tone or tonus) Isotonic No change in tension Muscle length shortens Movement Isometric Great increase in tension Muscle length unchanged No movement

Question: The partially contracted state of muscle is known as what. a Question: The partially contracted state of muscle is known as what? a. tonus b. tension c. torsion

Answer: a. tonus

The Mechanics of Muscle Movement Tendons attach muscles to bones Origin—attached to more fixed part of skeleton Insertion—attached to more moveable part of skeleton

Checkpoint 8-10: Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons: one attached to a less movable part of the skeleton and one attached to a movable part. What are the names of these two attachment points?

Muscles Work Together Many muscles function in pairs Prime movers Antagonists Synergists In development, nervous system must learn to coordinate movement. Children learning new skills may use some muscles unnecessarily or not use the correct muscles.

Checkpoint 8-11: Muscles work together to produce movement Checkpoint 8-11: Muscles work together to produce movement. What is the name of the muscle that produces a movement as compared with the muscle that produces an opposite movement?

Question: What is the name for a muscle that helps the prime mover and the antagonist muscles? a. a supplemental b. an effector c. a synergist

Answer: c. a synergist

Levers and Body Mechanics Musculoskeletal system as a lever system Lever—bone Fulcrum—joint Force—applied by muscle Three classes of levers First class Second class Third class—most body systems

Three classes of levers are shown along with tools and anatomic examples that illustrate each type. R = resistance (weight); E = effort (force); F = fulcrum (pivot point).

Checkpoint 8-12: Muscles and bones work together as lever systems Checkpoint 8-12: Muscles and bones work together as lever systems. Of the three classes of levers, which one represents the action of most muscles?

Skeletal Muscle Groups Characteristics for naming muscles (often combined) Location Size Shape Direction of fibers Number of heads (attachment points) Action

Superficial muscles, anterior view. Associated structure is labeled in parentheses.

Superficial muscles, posterior view. Associated structures are labeled in parentheses.

Muscles of the Head Facial expression (orbicularis) muscles Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Levator palpebrae superioris Buccinator Mastication (chewing) muscles Temporalis Masseter Intrinsic Extrinsic

Muscles of the head. Associated structure is labeled in parentheses.   ZOOMING IN • Which of the muscles in this illustration is named for a bone it is near?

Question: What is the name for the muscle that surrounds the eye. a Question: What is the name for the muscle that surrounds the eye? a. orbicularis oculi b. orbicularis oris c. frontalis

Answer: a. orbicularis oculi

Muscles of the Neck Are ribbonlike Extend up, down, or obliquely Extend in several layers in a complex manner Most common is sternocleidomastoid

Muscles of the Upper Extremities Position the shoulder Move the arm Move the forearm and hand

Muscles That Move the Shoulder and Arm Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Deltoid Rotator cuff Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Triceps brachii Flexor carpi Extensor carpi Flexor digitorum Extensor digitorum

Muscles that move the forearm and hand.

Muscles of the Trunk Breathing muscles Abdominal muscles Pelvic floor muscles Deep back muscles

Muscles of Respiration Diaphragm Intercostal muscles

Muscles of respiration. Associated structures are also shown.

Checkpoint 8-13: What muscle is most important in breathing?

Muscles of the Abdomen and Pelvis External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Levator ani

Muscles of the abdominal wall Muscles of the abdominal wall. Surface tissue is removed on the right side to show deeper muscles. Associated structures are labeled in parentheses.

Muscles of the female perineum (pelvic floor). Associated structures are labeled in parentheses.

Checkpoint 8-14: What structural feature gives strength to the muscles of the abdominal wall?

Deep Muscles of the Back Erector spinae Deeper muscles in the lumbar area

Muscles of the Lower Extremities Among the longest and strongest in the body Specialized for locomotion and balance

Muscles That Move the Thigh and Leg Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Iliopsoas Adductors Sartorius Iliotibial (IT) tract Hamstrings

Muscles of the thigh. Associated structures are labeled in parentheses.

Question: What is the name of the thickened band of fascia that covers the lateral thigh muscles? a. sartorius b. adductor longus c. ileotibial tract

Answer: c. ileotibial tract

Muscles That Move the Foot Gastrocnemius Achilles tendon Soleus Tibialis anterior Peroneus longus Flexor and extensor muscles

Muscles that move the foot. Associated structures are labeled in parentheses

Effects of Aging on Muscles Beginning at about age 40 Gradual loss of muscle cells Loss of power Tendency to flex hips and knees Decrease in height

Muscular Disorders Spasms Colic Seizure or convulsion Cramps Strains Sprains Atrophy

Question: True or False Question: True or False?: A strain is a more serious muscle injury than a sprain.

Answer: False: A sprain, which usually involves a ligament tear, is more serious than a strain.

Diseases of Muscles Muscular dystrophy Myasthenia gravis Myalgia Myositis Fibrositis Fibromyositis Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)

Disorders of Associated Structures Bursitis Bunions Tendinitis Tenosynovitis Shinsplints Carpal tunnel syndrome

End of Presentation