GOAL ONE The learner will build an understanding of the structure and properties of matter.

1.01 Summarize the development of current atomic theory Over the centuries, scientists have tried to explain the nature of matter by describing the atom. Dalton formed an atomic theory Thomson discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube. Rutherford explains the nucleus based on the gold foil experiment. Millikan calculates the charge on an electron. Bohr gives us energy levels. Schrödinger, Heisenberg and others give us the quantum model.

1.02 Examine the nature of atomic structure. Atoms are made of three subatomic particles: protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons that form a cloud around the nucleus. Protons and neutrons (mass number) account for most of the mass of the atom. Electrons have a dual nature and are found a certain energy levels in the atom. All neutral atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons and electrons (atomic number), but may have a different number of neutrons.

1.03 Apply the language and symbols of chemistry There is a regular system for naming both ionic and covalent compounds. Covalent compounds (two nonmetals) are named using numerical prefixes with the –ide ending on the second name. Binary ionic compounds (metal and nonmetal) are named metal first, with Roman numerals for elements with multiple oxidation states, and nonmetal second with the -ide ending. Ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are named metal or ammonium first and negative polyatomic ion second.

1.04 Identify substances using physical properties Physical properties are used to identify substances without changing the nature or composition of the substance itself. Melting point Boiling point Density Color Solubility

1.05 Explain the nature and behavior of the atomic nucleus. The atomic nucleus can beak down into two different, smaller nuclei by emitting radiation. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are the three most common emissions. Alpha is most massive, weakest, least penetrating and has a positive charge. Beta (negative charge)is next and gamma (no charge) last. Radiation has many practical uses, like cancer therapy, energy production, and imaging

1.06 Analyze that basic assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory Gases are a special state of matter that can interact with other particles with no loss of energy. Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional Temperature and volume of a gas are directly proportional A mole of any gas has a volume of 22.4 L at STP. Although most gases act ideal under most conditions, no gas is perfectly ideal under all conditions.

1.07 Assess the structure of compounds, relating bonding and molecular geometry to chemical and physical properties Atoms combine by sharing or transferring electrons to form molecules or ions of new compounds. Metals and nonmetals make ionic bonds by electron transfer Nonmetals share electrons with each other to make covalent bonds. Metals may combine in a sea of electrons to make metallic bonds The type of bond determines the properties of the compound