History and Approaches The Growth of Psychology
Psychology—the Offspring Psychology has its roots in two very different fields Physiology Philosophy It is neither one, nor the other—but rather a new field that draws from each Sort of like the offspring of the two! More heavily leaning towards physiology
Psychology came from Greek words The Greeks! Psyche means the Mind or Soul -ology means: the study of…
Beliefs of the time Hippocrates: Believed in 4 types of blood called Humors Black Bile – depressed and sad, melancholy Yellow - bitter, hot tempered, angry, Choleric White – Dull and sluggish, phlegmatic Red – happy! SO HOW DID THEY GET CURED?
Famous figures—the birth of psychology Plato delved into cognition Aristotle had many theories most importantly about ETHICS In Asia, Yoga and Buddhism explored consciousness
Meanwhile, back in Europe…. Catholic Church In control of Europe No interest in the “world of the flesh” Exploration of the human body was forbidden.
Meanwhile, back in Europe…. Rene Descartes (Day-Cart) 1596-1650 Explored the nervous system and sensation and biological processes in animals Not for 2 more centuries was there true psychology!
The “Dreadful secret” Charles Darwin Not a psychologist Directed the study of humans in a scientific manner with his “dreadful secret” Humans have evolved over time—and can therefore be studied, analyzed and understood scientifically Not a popular idea at the time
Empirical Approach Standard for all psychologists Conducted via careful observation and scientifically based research.
Wilhelm Wundt The “Father of Psychology” Founder of modern psychology Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 Applied lab techniques to the study of the mind/consciousness Discovering Psy 2e p.4 Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
E.B. Tichener Student of Wundt Consciousness= Founder of Structuralism Three elements What we see What we feel Memories Founder of Structuralism E. B. Titchener (1867–1927)
Structuralism basic sensory and perceptual processes Studied the basic elements (structures) of thoughts and sensations (consciousness). basic sensory and perceptual processes Introspection – objective recording of sensations & feelings Not scientific – too subjective, not repeatable,
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William James First American psychologist Opposed Structuralism Author of the first psychology textbook Opposed Structuralism Founder of Functionalism Fun Fact! Famous Brother! p. 5 Discovering psy William James (1842–1910)
Functionalism Emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment Used naturalistic observation Viewed consciousness as a stream of constantly changing states .
William James’ Students G. Stanley Hall – first Ph.D. in psych, started first U.S. psych lab, started the American Psychological Association. Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman to complete Ph.D. program but Harvard didn’t give her a degree! Became first woman president of the APA. Margaret Floy Washburn – first official Ph.D. in psychology. Studied different animal species. 2nd female president of APA.
Remembering William James He is the father of American psychology Think of Jamestown, the first American colony James was the first American psychologist!
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective unconscious drives and conflicts Hard to prove/disprove scientifically
Influence on “pop culture” Freud’s Influence Influence on “pop culture” Freudian slips Anal-retentive Influence on psychology Psychodynamic theory Unconscious thoughts Significance of childhood experiences
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorist Russian Physiologist Studied learning through associations Emphasized the study of observable behaviors
John B. Watson (1878-1958) Founder of behaviorism Studied only observable behavior Emphasized objective scientific methodology Performed the “Little Albert” experiment
B.F. Skinner Behaviorist Mind is a “black box” Skinner Box Learning through rewards and observation Reinforcement and punishment Mind is a “black box” Skinner Box p. 8 Discovering psy B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (1902-1987) (1908-1970) Helped to create Humanistic Psychology Study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will to reach their potential Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Remembering Carl Rogers Connecting Rogers to the Humanistic perspective? Think of Mr. Roger’s from TV He wanted to be your “neighbor” Stressed the importance of being your unique self
Wolfgang Kohler Created Gestalt Psychology The whole is different from the sum of its parts. Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Wolfgang Kohler (1865-1965)
What do you see? You See the whole picture first rather than the individual dots that make it up. – Gestalt Psychology
Biopsychosocial
Biopsychosocial Brain chemistry that causes changes in your behavior, which affects your social.
biopsychosocial Biological Social Nerve compression Reduced Muscle strength Sensitive nervous system Biological Reduces concentration Worries about what pain means Increased irritability Psychological Family that is worried Unsupportive employer Colleagues think you’re “pathetic” Social
Contemporary Perspectives Neuroscience/Biological Evolutionary Behavioral Cognitive Socio-Cultural Biopsychosocial
In a small group, identify the following for each perspective: Let’s Practice In a small group, identify the following for each perspective: Origins and influence—who or what helped to create this? Area of Interest—what do they focus on? What do they think is important to study? Possible Research Questions—what do they want to uncover?
Let’s Practice With your small group, identify how each perspective would approach the area of study Love Drug Abuse Intelligence