HERO.

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Presentation transcript:

HERO

divinity hero human being

Periods of Ancient Greek History BRONZE AGE Minoan Civilization Mycenaean Civilization 3000-1500 1800-1100 DARK AGE 1100-800 12th-9th centuries ARCHAIC PERIOD 800-480 9th-5th centuries CLASSICAL PERIOD 480-323 5th-4th centuries HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-31 4th-1st centuries

ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-480 BCE) • re-development of trade • economic increase • adoption of alphabet • codification of oral tradition • mythological/theological speculation • evidence for hero-cults • rise of polis • weakening of aristocratic power • rise of communal sanctuaries • colonization

ca. 800 Homer epic poetry Iliad, Odyssey ca. 750 Hesiod mythological poetry Theogony, Works & Days • pantheon • ritual • prayer • divine/human relationship • afterlife beliefs • hero-cults • burial customs

Greek Colonization (8th-6th centuries BCE)

Herakles Worship • roughly 600 shrines • no tomb • double sacrifice (uranian/chthonic) • priesthood from ephebic order • women forbidden participation • large meat sacrifices

Features of Hero Worship •Cult local, based on presence of corpse (sôma) and objects associated with hero. •Hero’s sôma entombed in sêma or mnêma or taphos of various shapes: tholos, shrine, temple; generic term = heroön. •Location of sêma often secret. •Sacrifice (enagizein) usually chthonic with ram victim, but in most cases shared meal (theoxenia), with hero given choice portion (geras). •Blood of victim (also milk, wine, honey) poured onto altar (eschara) or into pit (bothros). •Hero considered dead vis-à-vis site of corpse, but immortal and alive in a vaguely-conceived paradise, allowing hero to return (anabiônai) epiphanically.

nature uranian divinity god chthonic hero human being mortal

URANIAN CHTHONIC recipient above ground recipient below ground daytime sacrifice nighttime sacrifice white, unblemished victim (steer, bull) dark victim (pig, ram, rooster) recipient directly addressed recipient addressed via euphemism officiant’s eyes raised officiant’s eyes averted sacred silence (euphemia) weeping and lamentation raised altar (bomos) low altar (eschara) or pit (bothros) victim’s throat raised upwards victim’s throat points downwards victim consecrated (hiereuein) victim slaughtered (enagizein) flesh fumigated (thyein) to rise as smoke flesh “cut into” the fire (entemnein) or pit victim burned victim burned completely (holocaust) or abandoned shared meal no shared meal

Sacrificial Acts thyein (Vb.) to sacrifice (to ouranian being) thysia (N.) (ouranian) sacrifice hiereuein (Vb.) to sanctify sphazein (V.) to cut the throat (for chthonic being) sphagia (N.) (chthonic) sacrifice enagizein (Vb.) to participate in pollution (for chthonic being) entemnein (Vb.) to cut (victim) into (fire or pit)

Types of Hero Sacrifice holocaust Victim completely consumed by fire or abandoned; no shared meal. sphagia Victim’s throat cut, blood poured over altar or into bothros; often on eve of war. theoxenia “Ordinary” (both vegetarian and cooked meat) meal offered on table (trapeza). thysia Sacrifice to hero as to uranian god, followed by shared meal.