WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 067: HUMAN BIOLOGY

Are organized Take materials and energy from the environment Reproduce Grow and develop Are homeostatic Respond to external and internal stimuli Adapt to changing environment (evolutionary history)

Organization of living things Cell Molecule Atom Tissue Organ Organism Organ system

Atoms 1p hydrogen H 6p 6n 7p 7n 8p 8n carbon C nitrogen N oxygen O

I VIII 1 atomic number 2 H atomic symbol atomic mass He 1.008 4.003 II III IV V VI VII 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 19 20 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.60

Classification of Matter

Ionic bonds: – + Na Cl sodium atom (Na) chlorine atom (Cl) Na Cl Na+ sodium ion (Na+) chloride ion (Cl–) sodium chloride (NaCl) a. b.

Covalent bonds: + + oxygen O 2 hydrogen 2H water H2O 1p 1p 8p 8n + 8p 8n 1p 1p oxygen O 2 hydrogen 2H water H2O a. When an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms covalently bond, water results. 8p 8n + 8p 8n 8p 8n 8p 8n oxygen O2 oxygen O2 oxygen gas O2 b. When two oxygen atoms covalently bond, oxygen gas results.

Classification of Matter

H Hydrogen bonding between water molecules O hydrogen bond + -

acidic basic vinegar, cola, beer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 H+ Ion OH– acidic basic stomach acid, lemon juice vinegar, cola, beer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 H+ Ion Concentration pH Value Examples hydrochloric acid tomatoes black coffee urine pure water seawater baking soda Great Salt Lake household ammonia household bleach sodium hydroxide 10-1 100 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-2 14 13 12 11 10

Glycerol

Monosaccharides S C O P Long-term energy storage; membrane components Immediate and stored energy; structural molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Storage of genetic information Support, metabolic, transport, regulation, motion Fatty acid Glycerol Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids Structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile DNA, RNA Organic Examples Subunits Functions Nucleotide base phosphate amino group acid COOH Glucose Amino acid H2N CH2OH OH Monosaccharides

subunit hydrolysis reaction dehydration H H2O b. a. OH

Specialized Nucleotide: ATP – Adenosine triphosphate ATP = adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups ATP ADP + P + energy Adenine