P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Electricity Generation using Steam Power Plants : Current & Future Technologies P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Right Placement of Energy into a Material …..

The Family of Steam Engines A Direct Hardware Creations to the Essential Need …..

Pearl Street Station : Edison Illuminating Company This worlds first power station started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 82 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. The station was built by the Edison Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas Edison. The station was originally powered by custom-made Porter-Allen high-speed steam engines designed to provide 175 horsepower at 700 rpm. Pearl Street Station was also the world's first cogeneration plant. While the steam engines provided grid electricity, Edison made use of the thermal byproduct by distributing steam to local manufacturers, and warming nearby buildings on the same Manhattan block.

Steps to Build A Steam Power Plant Conversion of available resource into usable form of resource. Combustion & Heat Transfer Thermodynamics – Carnot & Rankine Utilization of usable form into Mechanical Power Displacement Work Flowing Fluid Work Parson’s Approach De Laval’s Approach

Sadi Nicolas Léonard Carnot Father of Civilized Engineering 1814: After graduating, Carnot went to the École du Génie at Metz to take the two year course in military engineering. He realized that the most important requirement of a nation to develop fast is Motive Power. 1819: Carnot began to attend courses at various institutions in Paris. The problem occupying Carnot was how to design good steam engines. Steam power already had many uses Draining water from mines, Excavating ports and rivers, Forging iron, Grinding grain, and Spinning and weaving cloth But it was inefficient

The First Template…. A hypothetical, but very efficient idea. An idea needs to be translated into an equipment.

Analysis of Cycle First law for a cycle:

Engine Performance Made Easy Work done per unit volume of the engine: Mean Effective Pressure

Carnot

Use of Carnot Model for Optimization of Power Plant Minimize the capital & running costs. Compact and efficient.

A Major Crossroad Confusion: How to go from <6% to 75% Efficiency ???????

Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872)

Heat addition/Rejection at Constant Temperature

Rankine’s Engineering of Carnot Cycle W J M Rankine ~ 1860

Cycles for Practical Thermal Power Plants Shaft Power Generation Systems

The first Step in Innovation of A Power Plant p=constant Rankine Cycle Brayton Cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion Process 4  1 Constant Pressure heat rejection

The Rankine Cycle : A Feasible template

Steam Generator : Isobaric Heat Addition out in No work transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are negligible Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…

Quasi-static Constant Pressure Steam Generation Tin,fluegas Tout.fluegas Tsteam,out Twater,in

Rankine Cycle using Nuclear Fuel As A Source of Thermal Energy

Rankine Cycle using Geothermal Energy As A Source of Thermal Energy

Ranking Cycle using Solar Thermal Energy

Ranking Cycle for Biomass Thermal Power Plant

Selection of Steam Generation Pressure in A Rankine Cycle

Selection of Steam Generation Pressure in A Rankine Cycle

Constant Pressure Steam Generation Process Theory of flowing Steam Generation Constant Pressure Steam Generation: A clue to get high temperature with same amount of burnt fuel

Steam Generation : Expenditure Vs Wastage Vapour Liquid +Vapour h Liquid s

Variable Pressure Steam Gneration h s

Analysis of Steam Generation at Various Pressures Specific Pressure Enthalpy Entropy Temp Volume MPa kJ/kg kJ/kg/K C m3/kg 1 3500 7.79 509.9 0.3588 2 5 7.06 528.4 0.07149 3 10 6.755 549.6 0.03562 4 15 6.582 569 0.02369 20 6.461 586.7 0.01776 6 25 6.37 602.9 0.01422 7 30 6.297 617.7 0.01187 8 35 6.235 631.3 0.0102

Fuel Savings during Steam Generation   Specific Temp Pressure Volume Enthalpy Entropy C MPa m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg/K 575 5 0.0762 3608 7.191 10 0.03701 3563 6.831 12.5 0.02917 3540 6.707 15 0.02393 3516 6.601 17.5 0.02019 3492 6.507 20 0.01738 3467 6.422 22.5 0.0152 3441 6.344 25 0.01345 3415 6.271 30 0.01083 3362 6.138 35 0.008957 3307 6.015

Law of Nature Behavior of Vapour at Increasing Pressures Reversible nature of substance at a given temperature All these show that the irreversible behavior of a fluid decreased with increasing pressure.

Creation/Reduction of Wastage

Less Fuel for Creation of Same Temperature

Evolution of Rankine Cycle thru Pressure of Steam Generation

Carnot Analysis of Constant Pressure Steam Generation Process Heat Addition in Steam Generator, qin Define entropy based mean

Carnot Temperatures in A Rankine Cycle

Analysis of Cycle First law for a cycle:

Performance Analysis of Rankine Cycle

Carnot Model of The Rankine Cycle smin smax

Increasing of Mean Temperature of Heat Addition pmax=17Mpa h=42.05% Tin,mean=284.40C 1 2 3 4 Tmax=5500C 1 2 3 4 pmax=5Mpa h=37.8% Tin,mean=246.30C

Supercritical Rankine Cycle 3sub 4sub T 2 1 s

Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle 23.5MPa 22MPa 18MPa 10MPa 6MPa 3MPa h 1MPa Tmax

Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle h P max

Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle w, kJ/kg 3000C D.S.S. Pmax, MPa

Historical Progress in Rankine Cycle Year 1907 1919 1938 1950 1958 1959 1966 1973 1975 MW 5 20 30 60 120 200 500 660 1300 p,MPa 1.3 1.4 4.1 6.2 10.3 16.2 15.9 24.1 Th oC 260 316 454 482 538 566 565 TrhoC Pc,kPa 13.5 5.1 4.5 3.4 3.7 4.4 5.4 h,% -- ~17 27.6 30.5 35.6 37.5 39.8 39.5 40