Understanding Word Patterns

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Presentation transcript:

Understanding Word Patterns Goal: L. 8.5.To use word relationships to improve reading comprehension and writing. Analogies Understanding Word Patterns

Word Analogies Analogies develop logic. Analyze two words and identify the relationship between them. Find another pair of words that has the same relationship.

Analogy construction Colon stands for the phrase “is related to” FIND : LOCATE :: lose : misplace Colon stands for the phrase “is related to” FIND [is related to] LOCATE LOSE [is related to] MISPLACE Double colon (::) stands for “in the same way that” Or simply—FIND is to LOCATE as lose is to misplace.

Types of Analogies DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid What’s the relationship? DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid Both words have similar meanings so this relationship is a SYNONYM

Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? KIND : CRUEL :: happy : sad Both words have opposite meanings, so their relationship is an ANTONYM.

Types of Analogies Part and Whole What’s the relationship? CHAPTER : BOOK :: fender : automobile A chapter is a part of a book just as a fender is a part of an automobile. Part and Whole What happens if you switch book and chapter in this analogy? BOOK : CHAPTER :: fender : automobile Invalid analogy

Part and Whole continued What’s the relationship? POEM : STANZA :: play : acts It’s still PART AND WHOLE, but this time the whole comes first. We could call it WHOLE AND PART.

Types of Analogies CHARACTERISTIC/QUALITY What’s the relationship? MIRROR : SMOOTH :: sandpaper : rough Mirrors are characteristically smooth just as sandpaper is characteristically rough. CHARACTERISTIC/QUALITY

Types of Analogies CLASSIFICATION What’s the relationship? POLKA : DANCE :: frog : amphibian :: BIRD : CARDINAL :: house : igloo A polka may be classified as a dance; a cardinal is classified as a bird. CLASSIFICATION

Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? GIFT : JOY :: rain : flood TEARS : SADNESS :: smiles : joy A gift can cause joy; tears are an effect of sadness. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Types of Analogies KNIFE : CUT :: shovel : dig What’s the relationship? KNIFE : CUT :: shovel : dig The function of a knife is to cut. FUNCTION

Types of Analogies LOCATION What’s the relationship? FISH : SEA :: moose : forest A fish can be found in the sea, just as a moose can be found in a forest. LOCATION

Types of Analogies DEGREE What’s the relationship? CHUCKLE : LAUGH :: whimper : cry These words differ in degree. One is more intense than the other. DEGREE

Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? CASHIER : CASH :: plumber : pipe A cashier works with cash, just as a plumber works with pipes. PERFORMER AND A RELATED OBJECT

Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? AUTHOR : WRITE :: chef : cook You expect an author to write, just as you expect a chef to cook. PERFORMER AND A RELATED ACTION

TYPES OF ANALOGIES Action and a related object What’s the relationship? BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball You boil an egg, just as you throw a ball. (In these items, the object always receives the action.) Action and a related object