Review:

Language Chapter 5 KI 4

Language Diversity Numerous countries throughout the world operate with multiple languages. Some are effective and some are ineffective.

Language Diversity - Switzerland Peacefully exists with multiple languages. Switzerland attributes success to decentralized government, in which local authorities hold most of the power, and decisions are frequently made on a local level by voter referenda. Four official languages—German (65%), French (18%), Italian (10%), and Romansh (1%)

Language Diversity - Nigeria Nigeria exemplifies the problems of when a nation becomes inundated with language. There are more than 500 distinct languages spoken in Nigeria. The 3 largest: Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, are only spoken by an 1/8 of the population each. Secession (Igbo) and political in-fighting are a constant battle.

Language Diversity - Belgium The French and Dutch (Flemmish)divide in Belgium is stark, highly political, and results in discrimination. Yellow (Flanders) & Pink (Wallonia) http://youtu.be/d9_nWglRDX0?t=1m7s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrhrJW8m8eU

Language Diversity - Spain Spanish, or Castilian, is the only language with official status nation wide, but the other 4 below have co-official status in their given regions. The Desire of Secession http://rt.com/news/186964-catalonia-vote-independence-spain/ In the unofficial referendum, 88% of voters were in favor of independence; however, only two million people voted, out of 5.4 million eligible to vote. Who are the Basque Protecting Basque

Isolated Languages An isolated language is one unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family. Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other languages. Ex. Basque in Europe Only language currently spoken that survives since the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. First language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain and southwestern France. Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped them preserve their language. Ex. Icelandic Language has changed less than any other Germanic language.

Extinct and Revived Languages An extinct language is one that is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world. Presently, 473 languages nearly extinct 46 in Africa 182 in Americas 84 in Asia 9 in Europe 152 in Pacific Ex. Native Americans 74 languages extinct in the United States that were once spoken by Native Americans. BBC – The Tragedy of Dying Languages Smithsonian – How to Save a Dying Language The Endangered Language Project

Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic Linguists expect hundreds of languages will become extinct during the twenty-first century. Only about 300 languages are said to be safe from extinction. Celtic Language is a language branch of the Indo-European family. There are 6 languages in 2 groups (Gaelic and British) or (Goidelic and Brythonic) Preservation of Irish is occurring through TV and Radio Stations, engagement in school, popular resurgence in music. British Gaelic Irish/Gaelige Scottish Gaelic Breton Cornish Manx Welsh

Global Dominance of Language A lingua franca is a language of international communication. Ex. English First language of 328 million people Spoken fluently by another ½ to 1 billion people. Official language in 57 countries People in smaller countries learn English to participate more fully in the global economy and culture. Other Examples Swahili in East Africa Hindi in South Asia Indonesian in Southeast Asia Russian in former Soviet Union.

Global Dominance of English Expansion has occurred in two ways with English. English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. English words are fusing with other languages. Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French. Ex. English words have spurred the creation of English-like words to replace traditional Spanish words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for estacionamiento (Spanish) Is English the future global language? http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/07/future-english http://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2014/03/21/want-to-know-the-language-of- the-future-the-data-suggests-it-could-be-french/ http://www.cepr.org/PRESS/DP2055PR.htm http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/engunilang.php https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Kvs8SxN8mc http://bigthink.com/videos/how-long-will-the-global-dominance-of-the-english-language-last http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf

Spanish in the United States Increasingly important language in recent years in United States because of large-scale immigration from Latin America. Some communities now issue public notices, government documents, and advertisements in Spanish. Radio stations and TV now broadcast in Spanish in places where most of the 35 million Spanish speakers live. In reaction, 30 states and number of localities have laws making English the official language. Some courts have judged these laws to be unconstitutional restrictions on free speech.

A Different Approach to Lingua Franca Pidgin language A language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. Developed to ease trade relationships of individuals from different locals Pidgin in Hawaii Creole language A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people. Pidgin languages can easily develop into Creoles 3 Ways to Speak English – Code-Switching… Does AAVE count? Dialect? Gaelscoilis- Error-ed Pidgin or Creative Creole? http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/sum07/myths/creoles.pdf

Just for Fun Are New Words… Real? The Value of New Words http://ideas.ted.com/2014/06/17/new-words-and-what-they- say-about-us/