Chapter 8 Vocabulary Allocated boundary – Dispute over location and resources (Iraq/Kuwait oilfield) Operational boundary – a dispute of how a boarder should function or operate (Mexico and US immigration) Locational Boundary – territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners (Jews and Muslims in Palestine)

Chapter 8 Vocabulary Global Commons – those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries Democratization – the spread of western governmental systems Neo-Colonialism – the concept that the world’s former dependencies are still being dominated by their former colonial masters

Key Question #4 Why has terrorism increased? Individuals and organizations State support for terrorism Terrorism: the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate or coerce a government into granting demands

Terrorism by individuals and organizations Anti-supranationalism – do not want to give up autonomy Kaczynski; the Unabomber McVeigh; Oklahoma City bombing September 11th 2001 Al-Qaeda;

State support for terrorism Providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorist Planning attacks using terrorists Libya and Mummar el-Qaddafi Afghanistan and the Taliban Iraq and Saddam Hussein Iran and Ayatollah Ruholiah Khomeini

Heartland Theory Heartland Theory – Whoever controls the heartland, controls the world island, therefore they control the world Sir Halford John Mackinder -"The Geographical Pivot of History." the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia). Land based power would rule not sea power; Eastern Europe (Eurasia) was the largest most populated land mass. Whoever controls Eurasia controls the world.

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Rimland theory Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest. Whoever can control the Rimland, will dominate trade on the world island and therefore control the world

Containment The US theory under Truman that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the area the system would eventually die out. a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback.

Domino Theory the idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect. A resulting policy out of the Truman Doctrine that promoted containment of communism used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to justify American intervention around the world.

Mahan’s Sea Power Theory Alfred Thayer Mahan believed that domination and power was associated with the sea, with its usage for trade and its control in war. He soon published his theory in his book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which discussed the factors needed to support and achieve sea power. Explanation - Mahan argued that sea power was crucial in determining national supremacy. In other words, if you controlled the sea, you would control the whole world. Example - The British Empire first adopted Mahan’s theory and used the strategy to win many decisive battles. The United States also accepted Mahan’s theory and used it tactically in several battles as well. Today, the United States has naval fleets stationed at sea, which also supports the theory.

Ratzel’s Organic Theory States are like living entities, and need to consume new territory to survive and grow Also known as Geopolitics; Strategic importance of place

Three Empires Theory Land Empire – Take control of an area (Mongol, Spanish) Sea Empire – Use a navy to support trade back to home country (African Colonies) Settlement Empire – Settle an area for long term, then send resources back (U.S.)