Bell Ringer Procedure (Section Summary) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrlUkc5hPzs Read the Section Summary. Annotate the Section Summary. Every key word, concept, event circled, triangles, squares, etc. Only main idea underlined that relates to above. (Use underlining sparingly with only main ideas and context underlined. All words or many words underlined is an immediate signal that reading did not take place and was completed carelessly. Any indication that the section summary was NOT read, will be an automatic “0”.) Complete the Reading Check, Vocabulary Strategy, and Reading Skill in the blue margin and then answer both Review Questions. If finished early, start on your homework.

How to annotate? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrlUkc5hPzs

Homework Procedure (Note Taking Study Guide) Read the assigned Section from the Textbook. Complete the Note Taking Study Guide to the corresponding section. Be prepared to turn in the next day.

Scholars Who Study the Past Historians • Study and write about the historical past • Analyze evidence to understand why events happened Anthropologists • Study the origins and development of people and their societies by studying human bones; others study human cultures. Archaeologists • Are also anthropologists • Study past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts

World History: Units of Study How to make a timeline: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PFlCPKIpRk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF3yz0K0UjY

Prehistory Prehistory Eras Paleolithic or Old Stone Age Neolithic or New Stone Age During both periods people made stone tools. During Neolithic age, new skills and technologies that led to major changes.

Paleolithic or Old Stone Age

Hominids Homo erectus Australopithecines Homo sapiens Homo habilis • 2 million to 250,000 years ago, walked upright • Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids • Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa • Made hand axes Homo sapiens • 100,000 and 250,000 years ago • May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world • Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans • Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared; early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth. Hominids Australopithecines • Earliest hominids • Lived in Africa •7 million years ago Homo habilis • 2 million years ago • Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chop- ping, or sawing plants, animals, and wood

Animal skin turned into clothes Spoken language Burial traditions http://www.stoneagetools.co.uk/neolithic-gallery.htm Nomads: Weapons Fire Animal skin turned into clothes Spoken language Burial traditions Belief systems like religion and spiritual world Cave painting which started art Animism – World full of spirits and forces in animals, objects, or dreams https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXTFtYK3RTw

Understanding Our Past “Lucy” 1950’s – Mary and Louis Leakey found clues in East Africa of ancient stone tools that were developed as survival tools. 1959 – Mary discovered “Lucy” a skull of an early hominid. Lucy dated to 3 million years. 1974 – David Johansson found remains of a hominid skeleton in Ethiopia. Johansson names Mary’s skull “Lucy” while digging for remains and listening to “Lucy in the Sky with Diamond.”

Finding Lucy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3U5KkOYRkA

Human Evolution Timeline Interactive Who is Lucy? Web and video quest. Human Evolution Timeline Interactive http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Finding Lucy https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved/a/lucy-and-the-leakeys Who is Lucy? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rx5RoUBpLfY Ending credits of the movie “Across the Universe” original song from the Beatles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvclNAc6w5w

How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3) First Humans Invention of tools Hunters/gatherers Animal skins, spears, sticks, fruit, roots, and wild grain Traveled north and south to find food as seasons changed Chips stone tools, pointed spears for killing, digging sticks to move dirt and find food, fire tools, pictographs with cave carvings, etc. Paleolithic Age 2.5 to 3 million years to 10,000 years.

Eras of Prehistory Life Before Farming Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Nomads; hunted and gathered food Lived in bands of 20 to 30 Made simple tools out of stone, bone, and wood Built fires and made clothing Developed spoken language Learned to cross water Showed belief in a spiritual world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings Life After Farming New Stone Age/Neolithic Grew own food, no longer nomads Farmers settled the first permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho. Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars. Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life. Differences in wealth appeared.

2. Neolithic or New Stone Age The Neolithic Age made several contributions to modern civilization: Food production creating surpluses Permanent settlements Domestication of plants and animals The Neolithic Age Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8AN7n2sQOg&list=PL63FCC94DD9F44C96

How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3) Farming Ancient Societies 10,000 years ago Settling, villages of stone and mud Farming of crops Domestication of animals Job specialization Emergence of city-states (5,000 years ago) Civilization – time period when humans stopped migrating and sit- th down-ith. Cradles of Civilizations – Middle East (Sumer and Mesopotamia), North Africa (Egypt), India (Indus River Valley), and China (China) Commonalities: (Social Structures) Hereditary Rulers (Monarchy) like Sumerian Priests & Egypt’s Pharaohs Land Owning Aristocrats Merchants Peasants

How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3) Ancient Cultures Architecture – constructed palaces, temples (ziggurats), & pyramids. Artists – sculptures and painters Writing – Tale of Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesopotamia), Sinuhe (Egypt), Mahabharata (India), and Book of Songs (China). Advances in science and technology such as metalworking, textiles, development of mathematics, and astronomy. Development of complex Religions (all polytheistic) with the exception of the Hebrews who developed the first monotheistic religion.

The Development of Civilizations Rise of Cities and Civilizations • Located near major rivers • River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China. • In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers. • Away from cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, farmers, and nomads.

The Development of Civilizations 8 Features of Civilizations Rise of Cities (Main Feature?) Organized governments Complex religions Job specialization Social classes Arts and architecture Public works Writing

Match the job specialization with the social hierarchy. Why were scribes so important? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvsarakGLNE

The Development of Civilizations Changes Over Time Changes in the physical environment caused civilizations to change. Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change. As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.

Cultural Diffusion leads to the rise of city-states and then later to the rise of empires.

Next lesson is Cradles of Civilization Next lesson is Cradles of Civilization. We will start with Mesopotamia, then Egypt, India, and China. Video: Forgotten Empires Secrets of Ancient Mesopotamia Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKpniuXsxiY Directions: Watch the video and write down one example of each of the eight features of civilization.