Medieval Europe, Renaissance, & Reformation Unit 4 Review Medieval Europe, Renaissance, & Reformation SSWH7 – Analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics SSWH9 – Analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation

Medieval Feudalism Economic and Political system based upon land holding and allegiances (Feudal Contract) Emperor Charlemagne First Holy Roman Emperor (800AD) Formed alliance with the Pope – ALL of Western Europe united by Christianity Medieval Church Played a very significant role in people’s daily lives Wealthy Needed the church to be forgiven of sins – go to heaven Pope had power to excommunicate!

Trade in Medieval Europe Very stagnant (slow) in early Medieval times Viking raids made it difficult Crusades played a large role in re- opening trade routes to the East Bubonic Plague – spread by fleas on rats…killed thousands, caused labor shortage = increased wages for those that survived Rise of Town/Cities = made manorial life obsolete (no longer needed) Serfs left in favor of greater opportunity

Crusades A series of Holy wars orchestrated by the Catholic Church (Pope) against Muslims of the Ottoman Empire to reclaim the ‘Holy Land’ of Jerusalem Effects Pope offered forgiveness of sins for those that would fight Strained relationships between Christians and Muslims Unintentionally reopened trade routes to the East Better Maps and Better Ships

Florence Italy Birthplace of the Renaissance Social – humanists Economic – wealthy from trade Patrons of the Arts Political – progressive challenged traditional authority (Church/Pope)

Humanism Philosophical Movement of the Renaissance Emphasized: Reason Individuality Human Potential Questioning of Traditional Beliefs Art, Architecture, Poetry all helped spread humanist ideas

Artistic Achievements of the Renaissance….

Michelangelo The Pieta’ David The Sistine Chapel (Ceiling)

Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa Vitruvian Man Last Supper

Raphael School of Athens

Gutenberg’s Printing Press Technological Innovation MANY more books = cheaper Literacy Rates Increased Took the humanist movement to greater heights Bible is the first thing printed Protestant Reformation Luther’s 95 Theses copied

Protestant Reformation Begun by Martin Luther Wrote 95 Theses Criticized corruption of Catholic Church Abuses: Selling Indulgences, Simony, Nepotism, Excessive Wealth John Calvin – predestination theology

English Reformation King Henry VIII desired an annulment (divorce) – Pope would not grant it Henry Established the Anglican Church (English Church) Daughter Mary tried to reestablish Catholicism after Henry’s Death (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth I Found a compromise between Anglican Church and Catholic Church = Elizabethean Settlement

Counter Reformation Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation Council of Trent Eliminated many of the abuses of the church Establishment of the Jesuit order = scholars defending Catholicism against critics