The Skeletal System and Identification of Skeletal Remains Objective: To learn how to determine sex and ethnicity using skeletal remains

Brainpop Periosteum Marrow Ligaments Tendons Cartilage

Function of Bones Support and _______ internal ______ Give _________ Provide a place for __________ Store _________ Some bones produce ________

A couple of things to ponder How do bones and muscles work together to make the body move? Why do babies have more bones in their bodies than adults?

Long Bones What is the epiphyseal line? What is the endosteum? What is the function of articular cartilage?

Haversian Canal What are the haversian canals?

Bone Marrow Red marrow: Found: Function: Yellow marrow-

The Human Skeleton

The bones in green form the axial skeleton The bones in purple form the appendicular skeleton

Commonly Asked Bone Questions How many sets of ribs do humans have? How many sets of ribs are connected to the sternum? Are human bones hollow?

Summary Questions What enables the periosteum to sense pain? Why do red blood cells lack nuclei? Are blood vessels found only in the periosteum?

How do bones heal? _____ must continue and the __________ must remain intact Why ? Then __________

Ossification AKA Bone Development When _______ is replaced by ________ Do all bones go through ossification?

How Bones Develop _________ develop and release minerals between ________ cells. This results in _________

Bone Elongation (Growth) Begins near the _______ of long bones This area is called the __________ How do bones elongate?

Bone Remodeling When osteoclasts _______ old bone so ________ can replace it with new ________ Occurs ________

Wolff’s Law States that bones due to _______ __________ E.x.

Sex Determination: The Skull 2ND most useful in ________ ______ Affected by ________

The Male Skull

Male Skull Size: Nuchal Area: Chin: Browridges: Forehead: Mandible: Mastoid Process: Inion Hook:

Nuchal Area

The Female Skull

Female Skull Size: Nuchal Area: Chin: Browridges: Forehead: Mandible: Mastoid Process: Inion Hook:

Identify the Skull

Male vs Female Forehead

Male vs Female Chin

Summary Questions Why are haversian canals essential to bone growth? What is the difference between Wolff’s Law and Bone Remodeling? Determine the sex of a skull with small browridges, a large mandible and an inion hook.

Sex Determination: The Pelvis Why use the pelvis? Features used the _____ and _______

Pelvic Bone Male vs Female

Male Pelvis Size: Pubic Shape: Sub-pubic Angle: Shape of Sacrum: Pelvic Inlet:

Female Pelvis Size: Pubic Shape: Sub-pubic Angle: Shape of Sacrum: Pelvic Inlet:

Determine the Sex of each Pelvis A B

Summary Questions Why does the sacrum in females need to be shorter and wider than the sacrum of males? Determine the sex of a pelvis with a heart shaped pelvic inlet, and a V-shaped sub-pubic angle.

Skull Chart Trait Male Female Size Nuchal Area Inion Hook Chin Browridges Forehead Mandible Mastoid Process

The Skull and Ethnicity

Determine the Ethnicity

Determine the Ethnicity

Determine the Ethnicity

Determine Sex and Ethnicity

Example #1 Determine the ethnicity of a skull with an indented cranium and a wide nasal opening

Example #2 Determine the ethnicity of a skull with a “W” shaped chin, a wide ramus and shovel shaped incisors

Example #3 Determine the sex and ethnicity of a skull with large browridges, an inion hook, a metopic traceS and a “W” shaped chin

Joints Place where ______ bones ______ 1. 2. 3. Held together by ___________ Types: 1. 2. 3.

Identify the type of joint

Identify the type of joint

Joints of the Human Body Type of Joint Description of Movement Examples in the Human Body Fixed Semimovable Movable Hinge- Ball and Socket- Pivot- Saddle- Gliding-

Types of Movable Joints Type of Movable Joint Function Example Hinge Joint Ball and Socket Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint

Joint Structure Ligaments- connect ________ to bones Tendons- connect _______ to bone