Opportunities for the superwind concept in the region Fryslân Integrating wind turbines with internal reforming fuel cells for hydrogen and power co-production GIN conference, Leeuwarden Present a new concept: superwind For which we are currently testing the feasibility K.Hemmes, A.L. Vernay, D. Manné, G. Steenvoorden November 9, 2018 The Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management

WIND TURBINE + FUEL CELL: SUPERWIND ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GRID CONTROLLER WIND TURBINE High temperature: 650 oC Runs on natural gas or biogas Internal heat to convert fuel into hydrogen. Can be used to generate electricity be extracted  very flexible process HEAT FUEL CELL HYDROGEN NATURAL GAS OR BIOGAS November 9, 2018

What are the problems? Large scale integration of wind energy may lead to grid congestion and increase the need for reserve capacity Wind turbine owners have to pay for balancing costs Difficulty to develop an hydrogen infrastructure November 9, 2018

Balancing costs wind turbine owners perspective: Energy producers have to predict one day in advance how much they will deliver to the grid per hour. That information is given to the Transmission System Operator The day after operation, the actual amount delivered is measured. If the amount measured is different from the amount predicted, the producer has to pay for the balancing costs Balancing costs are usually higher than market price November 9, 2018

Average balancing costs and APX price Year Shortage (in €/MWh) Surplus APX 2005 55  -2 41  -12 53 2006 59  -1 52  -6 58 Oct 2006 56  -6 52  +2 50 2007 41 +1 38  -4 42 2008 (until May 12th ) 69  -3 62  -4 66 Average APX price at the beginning of this year: around 60€! November 9, 2018

How can superwind help solving that problem? Superwind setup Electric grid Bio-methanisation Residential housing Transformer Fuel cell November 9, 2018

High degree of complexity Economic feasibility depends on CAPEX (Capital expenditure): currently 10,000 €/kW. SOFC target under SECA program 400 €/kW OPEX: Cost of fuel (natural or biogas) & O&M Varies depending on which operation mode the fuel cell is used Price and market for our products: Electricity: APX market Hydrogen: ~37 €/MWh  current price of gasoline without tax: 85€/MWh Heat Balancing costs Fuel cell operation strategy November 9, 2018

Is superwind economically feasible? Fuel cell operation strategy Fuel cell Wind turbine Compensate for too little power production too much both Play with APX market + November 9, 2018

Preliminary results NG gas costs 25 €/MWh H2 price: 37 €/MWh CAPEX excluded 1. Producing hydrogen substantially increases the potential benefits of the concept. 2. Compensating for shortage of electricity is interesting only IF additional electricity is also sold on the APX market 3. Compensating for shortage generally gives you more gain than compensating for surplus. 4. playing on APX is the strategy that gives the highest gain ‘profit’ = MWhapx.APX(t) + MWh+.price+(t)- MWh-.price-(t)-MWhFC.COE +MWh.H2(t) Compensating for overproduction: to be able to compensate for overproduction from the turbine, half of the FC capacity is sold on the APX market. Economic loss occur because electricity is sold on the market even when prices are low + additional money made from overproduction is not given by the TenneT. With low FC capacities, the FC is producing at higher power (thus lower efficiency), increasing the coe. Reference here is when only play on APX and do not compensate for anything! November 9, 2018

Opportunities for superwind in Fryslân NBZ: Nij Bosma Zathe • Experimental farm from University of Wageningen • Test site interested in testing innovative ideas and performing research • Biogas is produced on-site at NBZ by the fermentation of manure • Possibilities to use waste heat on-site Delta Oil Leeuwarden Delta Oil: • delivers several oil derived fuels blended with biofuel. • Delta Oil is also interested in selling hydrogen at their petrol station. NBZ Zuidlanden November 9, 2018

Conclusions Superwind is an efficient and innovative solution for combining wind turbine and fuel cells It can help wind turbine owner to decrease their balancing costs It can be used to adapt to a growing market for hydrogen, especially from boat in Fryslân If implemented on a larger scale, it should help better integrate wind electricity to the grid by decreasing fluctuation and improving predictability November 9, 2018

Acknowledgements Rob Kouwenberg and Maike Bouma from Windunie; Durk Durksz from Nij Bosma Zathe; and SenterNovem NEO program as sponsors November 9, 2018

FUEL CELL WINDTURBINE ELECTRICITY GRID CONTROLLER BIOMASS POWER PLANT MULTI-FUEL TANK STATION ORC/Geotec Super heater BIOGAS HYDROGEN NIJ BOSMA ZATHE HEAT November 9, 2018

Internal reforming fuel cell, an introduction What is superwind? Internal reforming fuel cell, an introduction Standard Operation Point High efficiency mode Results based on flow sheets calculation for an IR-SOFC fed by natural gas Fuel utilization is decreased by decreasing the current density System can operate in a wide range of fuel utilization values from 95% i.e. ‘normal’ fuel cell operation mode up to 60% corresponding to hydrogen production mode. High temperature FC (MCFC, SOFC) fuel utilization is decreased by decreasing the current density November 9, 2018

Internal reforming fuel cell, an introduction What is superwind? Internal reforming fuel cell, an introduction High power mode Fuel cells can be operated at almost double power density. In addition also hydrogen is produced with equivalent ‘double power’. November 9, 2018

Wind turbine + fuel cell: usual approach ELECTRICITY HYDROGEN WIND TURBINE ELECTROLYSIS STORAGE ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GRID FUEL CELL November 9, 2018