PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Have you ever... by Branislav Nadaš

Što je Present Perfect Simple? Present Perfect Simple opisuje radnju koja se dogodila ili je započela u prošlosti , ali nas ne zanima KADA, već samo – je li se nešto dogodilo ili nije (Yes/No) i koliko puta – drugim riječima – POSLJEDICE te radnje koje su vidljive sada. ZAPAMTI - radnja izrečena Present Perfect Simple-om uvijek mora imati značenje - DO SADA - Npr.: Have you read “War and Peace”? (Jesi li pročitao “Rat i mir”?) Odgovor može biti: a. Yes, I have. (Da, jesam – do sada - i znam o čemu se radi) ili b. No, I haven’t. (Ne, nisam – do sada, ali ne znači da je možda neću pročitati u budućnosti.)

Tvorba – izjavni oblik Present Perfect tvorimo upotrebom oblika pomoćnoga glagola “have” ili “has” i participa prošloga (Past Participle) glavnoga glagola. Subject + have / has + past participle I have = I’ve been abroad many times. You have = You’ve answered all my questions. He has = He’s been home for five years. She has = She’s found a new job. It has = It’s finished. We have = We’ve done this before. They have = They’ve seen each.

Kako se tvori particip prošli? Kod pravilnih glagola particip se prošli tvori na isti način kao i Past Simple Tense -nastavak –ed: liked, walked, worked, talked Nepravilni glagoli imaju poseban oblik, u tablici nepravilnih glagola – tablica, desni stupac: been, seen, had, eaten, shown, written

Tvorba – Upitni oblik Da/Ne pitanja Upitni se oblik – pitanja koja mi u hrvatskom prevodimo s “je li / da li?” i na koja odgovaramo s “da ili ne” – tvori tkz. inverzijom, odnosno pomoćni glagol “have/has” mijenja mjesto sa subjektom, i pitanje započinjemo pomoćnim glagolom. Have I ever done it before? you been to the cinema recently? Has he worked here long? she already sent the fax? it ever been in a crash? we done it right? they gone home yet?

Tvorba – Upitni oblik w/h pitanja What have I done? How long you been here? How many times has he been married? What countries she visited? Where it been? we been together? they worked?

Present Perfect Simple - negacijski oblik Have not = haven't been abroad yet. You answered my question. He Has not = hasn't been home for five years. She found a new job. It finished yet. We worked on a farm. They seen each other for ages.

Kada i kako koristimo Present Perfect Simple? Present Perfect Simple koristimo za opisivanje naših prošlih iskustava. U ta iskustva ubrajamo razne završene i nezavršene prošle događaje koji još uvijek traju, ili su upravo završili, ali kod kojih nas ne zanima vrijeme događanja, već samo naše osobno iskustvo – jesmo li mi to doživjeli ili ne. Pri tome se uvijek provlači vidljiva ili nevidljiva (izrečena ili neizrečena) vremenska odrednica – DO SADA

Ključne riječi Uz Present Perfect Simple uglavnom koristimo riječi koje su karakteristične za to vrijeme: Already = (adv.) već I have already finished my homework. Not yet = (adv.) još ne Scientists have not yet discovered a cure. Never = (adv.) nikada (do sada) I have never seen such a beautiful sunset! Ever = (adv.) ikada (do sada) – koristi se samo u pitanjima Have you ever ridden a horse?

Kada koristimo Present Perfect Simple? Present Perfect Simple upotrijebit ćemo u slijedećim konkretnim slučajevima: 1. Da opišemo nedavne događaje, ne navodeći vrijeme kada su se dogodili = ključne riječi: just, lately, yet, recently, already Have you seen Peter lately. 2. Da opišemo osobna iskustva = ključne riječi: ever, never I have never been to China. 3. Da opišemo događaje koji su započeli u prošlosti, i još uvijek traju ili se upravo završavaju = ključne riječi: since i for I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday. I’m hungry.

1. Present Perfect Simple upotrijebit ćemo: Kada opisujemo nedavne događaje, uopće ne navodeći vrijeme radnje. Ovdje nas isključivo zanima posljedica izvršenja radnje – ono što je vidljivo i očigledno sada, a nikako – kada! Why are you wearing a bandage? Oh, I’ve broken my arm recently. Why are they so happy? They have just won a prize so they are really pleased. Kod ove upotrebe ključne su riječi: just, recently, lately, already, yet ?

2. Present Perfect Simple upotrijebit ćemo: kada opisujemo naša iskustva – iz prošlosti do sada. Pri tome je jedino važno – jesmo li mi to uradili ili ne? (Yes or No i How many…). Ne zanima nas – kada! Primjeri - I have been abroad two times. - Anna has never broken a leg. - Have you ever eaten sushi? - I have never been to Japan. Have you ever gone there? Kada pričamo o našim iskustvima u Present Perfect Simple, ključne riječi su never i ever..

3. Present Perfect Simple upotrijebit ćemo: Kada opisujemo radnju koja je započela u prošlosti i još uvijek traje (ili ne traje), ali mi osjećamo njene posljedice: I haven’t eaten since yesterday morning. I’m really hungry. I haven’t drunk anything for two days. I’m really thirsty. Zapamtite: u ovakovoj uporabi Present Simple Tense-a, ključne su riječi: since i for. since = od kada for = koliko dugo

Already and Yet Already znači da se nešto dogodilo prije no što smo očekivali. S Present Perfect Simple-om already obično stoji poslije have / has, a ispred glavnoga glagola. Yet znači da se dogodilo ili se nije dogodilo ono što smo očekivali. Yet najčešće stoji na kraju rečenice. Primjeri:    - We've already had our breakfast.    - When are you going to do your homework?    - But I've already done it!    - Do you want a cup of coffee?    - No, thanks. I've already had one." Primjeri:    - Has the post arrived yet?    - Have you done your homework?    - Not yet.    - Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!

for i since Već smo ranije rekli da Present Perfect Simple koristimo za radnju koja je započela u prošlosti i još uvijek traje u sadašnjosti. U tu svrhu koristimo dvije vremenske odrednice: Primjeri    I have had this computer for about a year. How long have you been at this school? I haven't seen Julia since September. for da označimo koliko dugo: a few days, half an hour, two years. since da označimo od kada: last year, June 8, I met you.

Zapamti! Iako ćemo radnju izrečenu present perfect simple-om gotovo uvijek u našemu jeziku prevesti našim prošlim vremenom, takva radnja uvijek znači ono što je vidljivo sada: I am wearing a bandage. I have broken my arm. Točno je da sam ruku slomio u prošlosti, ali ona je još uvijek slomljena – kako znamo – pa nosim gips. Kad bismo rekli: I broke my arm! – logično pitanje bi bilo – ako si slomio ruku u prošlosti (BILO/PROŠLO), zašto onda još uvijek nosiš gips?

That’s all! Thank You!